#1
Which psychologist is known for his classical conditioning experiments with dogs?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationPavlov conducted experiments demonstrating associative learning through conditioning.
#2
What is the main idea behind the theory of multiple intelligences proposed by Howard Gardner?
There are multiple independent intelligences, each with its own strengths and weaknesses.
ExplanationGardner's theory suggests that intelligence is not a single, fixed entity, but rather a combination of multiple independent intelligences, such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, and interpersonal intelligences.
#3
Who is known for his work on the stages of psychosocial development, including the crisis of identity vs. role confusion?
Erik Erikson
ExplanationErikson's theory of psychosocial development outlines stages of development, with each stage characterized by a unique psychosocial crisis, such as identity vs. role confusion in adolescence.
#4
Who is often credited with founding the field of psychoanalysis and developing the theory of the Oedipus complex?
Sigmund Freud
ExplanationFreud is known for founding psychoanalysis and proposing influential theories such as the Oedipus complex, which explores unconscious desires and conflicts in early childhood.
#5
Who is known for the concept of 'self-actualization' and the hierarchy of needs?
Abraham Maslow
ExplanationMaslow introduced the concept of self-actualization as the highest level of psychological development in his hierarchy of needs, emphasizing personal growth and fulfillment.
#6
What is the main focus of cognitive psychology?
Understanding mental processes
ExplanationCognitive psychology studies mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving.
#7
Who proposed the hierarchy of needs in motivation theory?
Abraham Maslow
ExplanationMaslow's hierarchy of needs describes the levels of human motivation, from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.
#8
Which theoretical perspective in psychology emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts in shaping behavior?
Psychoanalysis
ExplanationPsychoanalytic theory posits that unconscious conflicts and desires influence human behavior.
#9
Who developed the concept of the collective unconscious and archetypes in analytical psychology?
Carl Jung
ExplanationJung proposed the concept of the collective unconscious, containing universal symbolic elements called archetypes, in analytical psychology.
#10
What is the main premise of the humanistic approach in psychology?
Individuals have the innate drive for personal growth and self-actualization.
ExplanationHumanistic psychology emphasizes the importance of individuals' potential for personal growth, self-determination, and self-actualization.
#11
In the context of memory, what is the term for the tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list more effectively than those in the middle?
Serial position effect
ExplanationThe serial position effect refers to the tendency to recall the first and last items in a list more accurately than the middle items, influenced by the serial position of items in memory.
#12
What does the Stanford prison experiment, conducted by Philip Zimbardo, investigate?
Authority and power dynamics
ExplanationZimbardo's experiment explored the psychological effects of perceived power and authority in a simulated prison environment.
#13
In operant conditioning, what is a reinforcement schedule where a behavior is reinforced after a variable number of responses?
Variable Ratio
ExplanationVariable ratio reinforcement schedules provide reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses, leading to high response rates.
#14
What is the bystander effect in social psychology?
The diffusion of responsibility, leading to reduced likelihood of helping in a group
ExplanationThe bystander effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to intervene in an emergency situation when others are present, leading to diffusion of responsibility.
#15
According to Albert Bandura, what term describes the process of learning by observing others and modeling their behavior?
Social learning theory
ExplanationSocial learning theory posits that people learn through observing others' behaviors, attitudes, and outcomes.
#16
What is the fundamental concept behind the social cognitive theory proposed by Albert Bandura?
The reciprocal relationship between behavior, environment, and personal factors.
ExplanationSocial cognitive theory emphasizes the interaction between cognitive processes, environmental factors, and individual behavior, highlighting the reciprocal relationship among them.
#17
According to the gestalt psychology principles, what does the term 'closure' refer to?
The tendency to perceive a complete or whole figure even when parts of it are missing.
ExplanationClosure in gestalt psychology refers to the perceptual tendency to fill in missing information and perceive incomplete figures as whole.