#1
Which psychologist is known for the classical conditioning experiment with dogs?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationPavlov's experiment demonstrated associative learning through stimulus-response pairing.
#2
Who proposed the stages of cognitive development in children, including sensorimotor and formal operational stages?
Jean Piaget
ExplanationPiaget's stages of cognitive development describe how children's thinking processes evolve.
#3
According to the information processing model, what are the three main processes involved in memory?
Encoding, storage, retrieval
ExplanationMemory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information, according to the information processing model.
#4
According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the primary developmental task during the adolescence stage?
Identity vs. role confusion
ExplanationAdolescents struggle with forming a coherent sense of self versus confusion about their roles and identity, according to Erikson's theory.
#5
According to the theory of classical conditioning, what is the process of gradually reducing the intensity or frequency of a conditioned response by presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction involves the gradual decrease in the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
#6
In operant conditioning, what is negative reinforcement?
Removing something unpleasant to increase behavior
ExplanationNegative reinforcement involves strengthening a behavior by removing a negative stimulus.
#7
What is the main idea behind social learning theory?
Learning occurs through observation and imitation
ExplanationSocial learning theory highlights learning through observation of others.
#8
Which type of memory is responsible for storing information for a very short duration (a few seconds to a minute)?
Sensory memory
ExplanationSensory memory briefly holds sensory information before transferring it to short-term memory.
#9
What is the concept of 'latent learning' in behavioral psychology?
Learning that occurs without reinforcement
ExplanationLatent learning refers to acquiring knowledge without immediate reinforcement, becoming apparent later.
#10
Which type of memory is responsible for storing information for a relatively longer duration, potentially a lifetime?
Long-term memory
ExplanationLong-term memory retains information for extended periods, potentially a lifetime.
#11
What is the concept of 'zone of proximal development' associated with in educational psychology?
Scaffolding
ExplanationZone of proximal development refers to the range of tasks a learner can perform with assistance, a concept central to scaffolding.
#12
What is the concept of 'self-efficacy' associated with in social cognitive theory?
Belief in one's ability to succeed
ExplanationSelf-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their capability to accomplish tasks and goals.
#13
What is the concept of 'metacognition' related to in the field of educational psychology?
Thinking about one's own thinking
ExplanationMetacognition involves awareness and control of one's cognitive processes, including thinking about one's thinking.
#14
Which educational theorist is associated with the concept of 'constructivism,' emphasizing the active role of learners in building their understanding?
Jerome Bruner
ExplanationBruner advocated for constructivism, highlighting learners' active construction of knowledge through experiences and interactions.
#15
In educational psychology, what does the term 'scaffolding' refer to?
Providing temporary support to help learners achieve a task
ExplanationScaffolding involves providing temporary support or assistance to learners to help them accomplish tasks beyond their current abilities.