#1
Which of the following is a common factor contributing to conflicts in relationships?
Lack of communication
ExplanationCommunication breakdown leads to misunderstandings and unresolved issues.
#2
Which theory suggests that individuals are attracted to those who are similar to them?
Similarity Theory
ExplanationPeople are drawn to others who share similar attitudes, values, and interests.
#3
Which type of communication involves both verbal and non-verbal cues?
Interpersonal communication
ExplanationInterpersonal communication relies on both spoken words and body language for effective expression.
#4
What term describes the tendency to attribute one's own negative behavior to external factors and positive behavior to internal factors?
Self-serving bias
ExplanationSelf-serving bias protects self-esteem by attributing successes internally and failures externally.
#5
What is the term for the process of maintaining or changing behavior to fit in with the group?
Conformity
ExplanationConformity involves adjusting behaviors or beliefs to align with group norms or expectations.
#6
Which theory suggests that people are motivated to maintain a state of cognitive consistency?
Cognitive dissonance theory
ExplanationCognitive dissonance theory posits that individuals seek harmony between beliefs and actions, striving to resolve conflicting cognitions.
#7
What is the term for the emotional bond that forms between an infant and their primary caregiver?
Attachment
ExplanationAttachment forms the basis for trust and security in relationships.
#8
According to Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, which component involves intimacy, passion, and commitment?
Consummate love
ExplanationConsummate love encompasses all aspects of emotional connection, desire, and commitment.
#9
Which concept refers to the tendency for group members to exert less effort when working collectively than when working individually?
Social loafing
ExplanationSocial loafing occurs when individuals reduce their effort in group settings due to diffusion of responsibility.
#10
In Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, what is the primary conflict during adolescence?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
ExplanationAdolescents grapple with forming a coherent sense of self amidst societal expectations and peer influences.
#11
What term describes the tendency to favor individuals who provide us with rewards or reinforcement?
Social exchange theory
ExplanationSocial exchange theory emphasizes maximizing benefits and minimizing costs in interpersonal relationships.
#12
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which needs must be met before higher-level needs such as love and belongingness?
Physiological needs
ExplanationBasic physiological needs like food, water, and shelter take precedence over higher-level emotional needs.
#13
What psychological phenomenon occurs when people conform to the majority opinion, even if they don't agree with it?
Conformity
ExplanationConformity arises from the pressure to align with group norms or expectations.
#14
Which concept suggests that individuals are more likely to be attracted to those who are physically close to them?
Proximity effect
ExplanationProximity increases opportunities for interaction and familiarity, fostering attraction.
#15
What is the term for the tendency to overestimate the degree to which others agree with us?
False consensus effect
ExplanationFalse consensus effect leads individuals to believe that their opinions are more widely shared than they actually are.
#16
What is the term for the tendency to conform to the group's decision, even if it goes against one's own judgment?
Groupthink
ExplanationGroupthink suppresses dissenting opinions in favor of group cohesion, leading to flawed decision-making.
#17
What is the term for the tendency to judge other cultures by the standards of one's own culture?
Ethnocentrism
ExplanationEthnocentrism leads individuals to evaluate other cultures based on the values and norms of their own culture, often resulting in bias or prejudice.