#1
Which of the following is a primary agent of socialization?
School
ExplanationSchool plays a crucial role in shaping individuals' values and behaviors through formal education.
#2
Which theorist is known for the concept of the looking glass self in socialization?
George Herbert Mead
ExplanationMead's looking glass self theory emphasizes how others' perceptions shape one's self-concept.
#3
What is the term for the process by which individuals adjust their behavior to meet the expectations of a social group or society?
Conformity
ExplanationConformity involves adapting behavior to align with social group norms and expectations.
#4
Which psychological perspective emphasizes the role of unconscious processes and childhood experiences in shaping personality?
Psychoanalytic perspective
ExplanationThe psychoanalytic perspective underscores unconscious processes and childhood experiences in shaping personality.
#5
What is the term for the process by which individuals develop a sense of self and learn to interact with others in society?
Socialization
ExplanationSocialization involves developing self-awareness and learning social interactions.
#6
What is the main focus of the nature vs. nurture debate in personality development?
Both genetic and environmental factors
ExplanationThe debate centers on the relative influence of genetic inheritance and environmental experiences in shaping personality.
#7
According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, what is the primary conflict during adolescence?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
ExplanationAdolescents grapple with defining their sense of self in relation to societal expectations.
#8
What is the term for the process of learning through rewards and punishments, often associated with behaviorism?
Operant conditioning
ExplanationOperant conditioning involves learning through consequences, reinforcing desirable behaviors.
#9
According to the Big Five personality traits, which trait is associated with being organized, responsible, and reliable?
Conscientiousness
ExplanationConscientiousness reflects traits like organization, responsibility, and reliability in personality.
#10
In Freudian psychoanalytic theory, which component of personality operates based on the pleasure principle?
Id
ExplanationThe Id, driven by the pleasure principle, seeks immediate gratification of desires.
#11
According to the social identity theory, what is the process of categorizing oneself as a member of a particular social group and adopting the norms and values associated with that group?
Social identification
ExplanationSocial identification involves aligning oneself with a social group's norms and values.
#12
What is the term for the process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of their culture?
Socialization
ExplanationSocialization involves acquiring cultural norms and shaping one's identity within a society.
#13
In psychology, what is the term for the tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors?
Self-serving bias
ExplanationThe self-serving bias involves attributing success to internal factors and failure to external factors.
#14
What is the term for the process of adopting cultural elements from another group while maintaining one's own cultural identity?
Multiculturalism
ExplanationMulticulturalism involves embracing elements from different cultures while preserving one's cultural identity.
#15
Who proposed the concept of the 'zone of proximal development' in the context of cognitive development?
Lev Vygotsky
ExplanationVygotsky's zone of proximal development focuses on the range of tasks a learner can perform with guidance.
#16
Who is known for the concept of the 'self-concept,' which refers to an individual's perception and evaluation of themselves?
Carl Rogers
ExplanationCarl Rogers emphasized the self-concept, individuals' perceptions and evaluations of themselves.
#17
In the context of personality development, what is the term for the enduring characteristics and patterns of behavior that differentiate one individual from another?
Trait
ExplanationTraits are enduring patterns of behavior that distinguish one individual from another.