#1
Which theory suggests that individuals seek to maintain consistency between their attitudes and their behavior?
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
ExplanationIndividuals strive to align their beliefs and actions to avoid discomfort.
#2
What term describes the process by which individuals explain the causes of behavior and events?
Attribution
ExplanationThe attribution process involves assigning reasons or causes to actions or events.
#3
Who conducted the famous obedience experiments in the 1960s, demonstrating the willingness of participants to obey authority figures, even if it involved harming others?
Stanley Milgram
ExplanationStanley Milgram's experiments highlighted obedience to authority, even when it conflicted with moral principles.
#4
What is the term for the tendency of individuals to conform to the behavior and opinions of the majority group?
Conformity
ExplanationConformity occurs when individuals adjust their behavior to align with group norms.
#5
Which concept refers to the tendency to favor one's own group over other groups?
Ethnocentrism
ExplanationEthnocentrism involves judging other cultures based on the standards of one's own culture.
#6
Which of the following is NOT a component of the ABC model of attitudes?
Discrimination
ExplanationDiscrimination is not typically considered a component of attitudes in the ABC model, which comprises Affect, Behavior, and Cognition.
#7
What is the term for the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to provide help to a person in need when others are present?
Bystander Effect
ExplanationPeople are less likely to offer assistance in a group, assuming someone else will take responsibility.
#8
What is the term for the tendency to attribute one's own actions to external causes while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes?
Actor-Observer Bias
ExplanationIndividuals often explain their own behavior as influenced by external factors, while attributing others' actions to inherent traits.
#9
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences conformity?
Individualism
ExplanationIndividualism typically encourages independence rather than conformity.
#10
Which theory proposes that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources?
Realistic Conflict Theory
ExplanationPrejudice can stem from intergroup competition over limited resources.
#11
Which term describes the tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working collectively on a task that requires joint effort?
Social Loafing
ExplanationPeople may reduce effort when working in a group, relying on others to compensate.
#12
According to the elaboration likelihood model, which route to persuasion involves deep processing of information and careful evaluation of arguments?
Central Route
ExplanationPersuasion through the central route occurs when individuals critically analyze arguments and evidence.
#13
According to social identity theory, what is the process by which individuals categorize themselves and others into ingroups and outgroups?
Social Categorization
ExplanationSocial categorization involves sorting individuals into groups based on shared characteristics.
#14
According to social identity theory, what motivates individuals to enhance their self-esteem by identifying with prestigious groups?
Social Identity
ExplanationAffiliating with esteemed groups boosts individuals' self-esteem and social status.