#1
Which step of the scientific method involves forming a hypothesis?
Formulation
ExplanationIt's the step where a testable prediction is crafted based on observation.
#2
What is the purpose of replication in psychological research?
To ensure that the results are consistent and reliable
ExplanationIt validates findings by confirming their reproducibility across different conditions or samples.
#3
What is the first step of the scientific method?
Observation
ExplanationIt involves gathering information and data through careful observation.
#4
What is the term for the tendency to favor information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses?
Confirmation bias
ExplanationIt's the inclination to seek or interpret evidence in ways that align with existing beliefs.
#5
Which step of the scientific method involves making predictions based on the hypothesis?
Prediction
ExplanationIt's the process of forecasting outcomes based on the formulated hypothesis.
#6
In a psychological experiment, what does the term 'control group' refer to?
The group that serves as a comparison and does not receive the experimental treatment
ExplanationIt provides a baseline for comparison, as it's not exposed to the experimental manipulation.
#7
Which statistical test is commonly used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups in psychological research?
T-test
ExplanationIt evaluates if there's a statistically significant difference between the means of two groups.
#8
Which of the following is an example of a longitudinal study?
A study that tracks the same group of individuals over an extended period of time
ExplanationIt observes changes in the same group over time, offering insights into development or trends.
#9
What is the purpose of peer review in the scientific process?
To provide constructive feedback and evaluate the quality of research
ExplanationIt ensures research meets standards of quality, accuracy, and ethical integrity.
#10
Which type of research design involves observing and recording behavior in its natural environment without interference or manipulation?
Naturalistic observation
ExplanationIt allows studying behavior as it occurs naturally, without imposed conditions.
#11
What is the term for the phenomenon where participants provide responses they believe the researcher wants to hear rather than their true opinions or experiences?
Social desirability bias
ExplanationIt's the tendency to present oneself favorably or conform to social expectations.
#12
Which research method involves asking individuals to report their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors in a structured format?
Survey research
ExplanationIt collects data through standardized questions to gather information on attitudes or behaviors.
#13
What is the term for the phenomenon where researchers' expectations about the outcome of a study influence their behavior toward participants and thus alter the participants' behavior?
Experimenter expectancy effect
ExplanationIt's when researcher bias affects participants' behavior, leading to skewed results.
#14
Which of the following is a common ethical consideration in psychological research involving human participants?
Informed consent
ExplanationIt ensures participants understand and consent to their involvement in the study.
#15
Which ethical principle emphasizes the importance of minimizing harm to participants in psychological research?
Nonmaleficence
ExplanationIt mandates researchers avoid causing harm or distress to participants.
#16
What is the term for the phenomenon where participants in a study change their behavior because they are aware of being observed?
Hawthorne effect
ExplanationIt's the alteration of behavior due to being aware of being studied or observed.
#17
In experimental research, what is the purpose of random assignment?
To eliminate extraneous variables and increase internal validity
ExplanationIt ensures groups are comparable, reducing the impact of confounding variables.
#18
Which statistical measure is used to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables?
Correlation coefficient
ExplanationIt quantifies the degree and direction of association between two variables.
#19
In an experiment, what is the variable that the researcher manipulates or controls?
Independent variable
ExplanationIt's the variable intentionally changed or manipulated by the researcher.