#1
Which of the following is a characteristic of experimental research?
It aims to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
ExplanationExperimental research seeks to identify causal relationships between variables.
#2
What is the independent variable in an experiment?
The variable that is manipulated by the researcher.
ExplanationThe independent variable is the factor manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable.
#3
What is the purpose of a pilot study in experimental research?
To test the feasibility of the study procedures.
ExplanationPilot studies are conducted to assess the practicality and viability of study procedures before the main experiment.
#4
Which of the following is a characteristic of a cross-sectional study?
It examines different groups of individuals at a single point in time.
ExplanationCross-sectional studies analyze different groups of subjects simultaneously, providing a snapshot of a population at a specific time.
#5
What is the purpose of a control group in experimental research?
To serve as a baseline for comparison.
ExplanationThe control group provides a baseline against which the experimental group's results can be compared, helping to isolate the effect of the independent variable.
#6
Which of the following is a measure of central tendency?
Mean
ExplanationThe mean is a measure of central tendency that represents the average value of a set of data.
#7
Which of the following is a measure of variability?
Range
ExplanationThe range is a measure of variability that represents the difference between the highest and lowest values in a dataset.
#8
Which of the following is an example of a quasi-experimental design?
Pretest-posttest design without a control group
ExplanationA quasi-experimental design lacks full control over variables and may not have a true control group.
#9
What is a confounding variable in an experiment?
A variable that systematically varies with the independent variable.
ExplanationConfounding variables are extraneous factors that may interfere with the interpretation of results by varying systematically with the independent variable.
#10
What is the purpose of random assignment in experimental research?
To reduce the likelihood of systematic differences between groups.
ExplanationRandom assignment helps ensure that participants are equally distributed across experimental and control groups, minimizing pre-existing differences.
#11
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using a within-subjects design?
It is susceptible to order effects.
ExplanationWithin-subjects designs, involving the same participants in different conditions, may be prone to order effects, influencing results.
#12
Which statistical test is appropriate for comparing means of two independent groups?
Independent samples t-test
ExplanationThe independent samples t-test is used to compare means between two independent groups.
#13
What is the purpose of debriefing in experimental research?
To ensure that participants fully understand the study's purpose and procedures.
ExplanationDebriefing is essential to inform participants about the study's objectives, reducing potential psychological harm and ensuring understanding.
#14
What is a placebo in experimental research?
A treatment that has no therapeutic effect.
ExplanationA placebo is an inert substance or treatment used as a control in experiments, helping to isolate the true effects of the active intervention.
#15
In a single-blind study, who is unaware of the treatment being administered?
Only the participants
ExplanationIn a single-blind study, participants are unaware of the treatment they receive, reducing bias.
#16
What is a Type II error in hypothesis testing?
Failing to detect a true effect.
ExplanationType II error occurs when the statistical test fails to detect a real effect that exists in the population.
#17
What is a factorial design in experimental research?
A design that involves manipulating multiple independent variables.
ExplanationFactorial designs involve the manipulation of more than one independent variable, allowing researchers to examine their individual and combined effects.