Research Methods and Cognitive Biases Quiz

Unobtrusive observation of subjects in their natural settings to understand behavior without external influence.

Systematic analysis of the content of various forms of communication to draw meaningful insights and patterns.

Overreliance on initial information, influencing subsequent decision-making and perception of related information.

The inclination to favor information that confirms preexisting beliefs and ignore conflicting evidence.

Not a standard sampling method; experimentation typically involves manipulating variables, not sampling individuals.

The tendency to attribute personal successes to internal qualities but blame failures on external factors.

Estimating likelihood based on how easily instances come to mind, often leading to biased judgments.

Experimental design primarily focuses on manipulating variables for causal inference, not qualitative exploration.

Limitations include ethical constraints, artificial environments, and difficulty in capturing complex real-world dynamics.

The inclination to perceive events as having been more predictable after they have already happened.

Projecting one's own feelings or emotional states onto others, influencing perception and interpretation.

A research design where both participants and researchers are unaware of critical information, minimizing biases.

Overestimating the probability of events based on their ease of recall from memory, leading to biased judgments.

Sampling bias may result in findings that are not representative of the larger population, limiting result applicability.

The cognitive bias of relying too heavily on the initial piece of information encountered when making decisions.

Attributing personal successes to internal qualities but blaming external factors for failures, influencing self-perception.

Participants may provide responses that align with societal norms or expectations rather than their true feelings or behaviors.

Estimating the probability of an event based on its similarity to prototypes or stereotypes, potentially leading to biased judgments.

Correlational studies identify relationships between variables but do not establish causation, limiting causal inference.

Controlled manipulation of variables to study their impact on outcomes, establishing cause-and-effect relationships.

Misperception of meaningful patterns in random data, a cognitive bias leading to false interpretations.