#1
Which research method involves observing subjects in their natural environment without interference?
Naturalistic observation
ExplanationUnobtrusive observation of subjects in their natural settings to understand behavior without external influence.
#2
Which of the following is a qualitative research method?
Content analysis
ExplanationSystematic analysis of the content of various forms of communication to draw meaningful insights and patterns.
#3
Which cognitive bias refers to the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered?
Anchoring bias
ExplanationOverreliance on initial information, influencing subsequent decision-making and perception of related information.
#4
What is the term for the tendency to seek out information that supports our existing views while ignoring contradictory evidence?
Confirmation bias
ExplanationThe inclination to favor information that confirms preexisting beliefs and ignore conflicting evidence.
#5
Which of the following is NOT a common type of sampling method in research?
Experimental sampling
ExplanationNot a standard sampling method; experimentation typically involves manipulating variables, not sampling individuals.
#6
Which cognitive bias involves attributing one's successes to internal factors and failures to external factors?
Self-serving bias
ExplanationThe tendency to attribute personal successes to internal qualities but blame failures on external factors.
#7
What is the term for the tendency to judge the probability of an event based on how easily it comes to mind?
Availability heuristic
ExplanationEstimating likelihood based on how easily instances come to mind, often leading to biased judgments.
#8
Which research method involves systematically manipulating one or more variables to observe their effect on other variables?
Experiment
ExplanationControlled manipulation of variables to study their impact on outcomes, establishing cause-and-effect relationships.
#9
What is the term for the tendency to perceive patterns or connections in random or meaningless data?
Clustering illusion
ExplanationMisperception of meaningful patterns in random data, a cognitive bias leading to false interpretations.