#1
Which of the following is a primary function of the kidneys?
Regulation of blood pressure
ExplanationMaintains blood pressure through fluid balance and hormone secretion.
#2
What is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood?
Glomerulus
ExplanationFilters blood to form urine by removing waste products.
#3
Which hormone plays a crucial role in regulating water reabsorption in the kidneys?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
ExplanationControls water reabsorption in the kidneys to maintain water balance.
#4
What is the term for the condition characterized by the formation of kidney stones?
Nephrolithiasis
ExplanationFormation of solid mineral deposits in the kidneys or urinary tract.
#5
What is the medical term for the process of removing waste products from the blood when the kidneys fail?
Hemodialysis
ExplanationUses a machine to filter blood when kidneys are unable to function properly.
#6
Which of the following conditions is characterized by the presence of protein in the urine, indicating kidney damage?
Nephrotic syndrome
ExplanationCondition where damaged kidneys leak large amounts of protein into urine.
#7
In which part of the kidney are juxtaglomerular cells located?
Renal cortex
ExplanationPart of the kidney responsible for regulating blood pressure and filtration.
#8
What is the name of the hormone released by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow?
Erythropoietin
ExplanationRegulates red blood cell production to maintain oxygen levels.
#9
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Increased urine production
ExplanationDecreased urine output is a common symptom of AKI.
#10
What is the approximate normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in healthy adults?
80-120 mL/min
ExplanationRate at which kidneys filter blood, indicating kidney function.
#11
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Regular exercise
ExplanationRegular exercise is associated with lower risk of CKD.
#12
Which of the following is a common cause of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?
Prolonged hypotension
ExplanationInadequate blood flow to kidneys leading to tissue damage.
#13
What is the term for the condition in which the kidneys fail to excrete wastes and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance adequately?
Renal failure
ExplanationInability of kidneys to perform their functions.
#14
What is the term for the sudden worsening of kidney function that occurs over a few hours or days?
Acute kidney injury
ExplanationRapid decline in kidney function often due to injury or illness.