#1
Which of the following is a primary psychosocial task in early childhood according to Erik Erikson?
Trust vs. Mistrust
ExplanationEstablishing a sense of trust in caregivers versus feeling mistrustful.
#2
During the preschool years, children begin to develop a sense of:
Self-esteem
ExplanationTheir own worth and value.
#3
Which of the following best describes the main socialization agent during early childhood?
Family
ExplanationThe family plays the primary role in socialization during early childhood.
#4
What is the term for the tendency to view the world solely from one's own perspective, without considering the viewpoints of others?
Egocentrism
ExplanationSeeing things only from one's own point of view, typical in early childhood.
#5
What is the term for the concept that people and objects continue to exist even when they are not visible?
Object permanence
ExplanationUnderstanding that objects exist even when out of sight, a milestone in development.
#6
What is the term for the ability to understand and manage one's own emotions, as well as understand the emotions of others?
Emotional intelligence
ExplanationBeing aware of and controlling one's emotions, as well as understanding others' emotions.
#7
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of play during early childhood?
Structured
ExplanationPlay during early childhood is typically unstructured and spontaneous.
#8
Which of the following is a common manifestation of aggression in early childhood?
Physical violence
ExplanationActing out aggressively through physical means.
#9
According to Vygotsky's theory, what is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
The difference between what a child can do alone and what they can do with help
ExplanationThe range of tasks a child can perform with assistance but not independently.
#10
What type of play involves pretend or make-believe scenarios?
Sociodramatic play
ExplanationImaginary play where children enact roles and scenarios.
#11
According to Piaget, what is the primary cognitive accomplishment during the preoperational stage of development?
Egocentrism
ExplanationViewing the world solely from one's own perspective.
#12
What is the term for the ability to delay gratification and exert self-control?
Executive function
ExplanationThe capacity to control impulses and make decisions.
#13
According to Kohlberg, what is the highest level of moral reasoning, characterized by adherence to universal ethical principles?
Postconventional morality
ExplanationFollowing moral principles based on universal ethical values.
#14
What is the term for the process by which children learn the social norms and values of their culture?
Socialization
ExplanationThe process of acquiring societal norms and values.
#15
What is the term for the ability to understand and respond to the feelings of others?
Empathy
ExplanationThe capacity to comprehend and share the emotions of others.