#1
Which of the following is NOT a component of psychological well-being?
Physical health
ExplanationPsychological well-being encompasses mental, emotional, and social aspects, excluding physical health.
#2
What is the primary focus of positive psychology?
Understanding human strengths and virtues
ExplanationPositive psychology emphasizes studying and fostering human strengths, virtues, and optimal functioning.
#3
What is the term used to describe the ability to understand and manage one's own emotions?
Emotional intelligence
ExplanationEmotional intelligence involves recognizing, understanding, and effectively managing one's own emotions as well as those of others.
#4
Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to psychological well-being?
Excessive stress
ExplanationExcessive stress is detrimental to psychological well-being, as it can lead to anxiety, depression, and other negative outcomes.
#5
Which neurotransmitter is often associated with feelings of happiness and pleasure?
Dopamine
ExplanationDopamine is a neurotransmitter linked to feelings of pleasure, reward, and motivation.
#6
Which theory of human development emphasizes the importance of social interactions in shaping personality?
Socio-cultural theory
ExplanationSocio-cultural theory highlights the impact of social interactions, culture, and society on individual development and personality.
#7
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need must be met first before an individual can strive for higher needs?
Safety needs
ExplanationSafety needs, such as security and stability, must be satisfied before individuals can pursue higher needs, like love and self-actualization, according to Maslow.
#8
What term refers to a person's belief in their capabilities to achieve certain goals or perform specific tasks?
Self-efficacy
ExplanationSelf-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to accomplish tasks and achieve goals.
#9
Which stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory occurs during adolescence and is characterized by the search for identity?
Identity vs. role confusion
ExplanationIdentity vs. role confusion is the stage in Erikson's theory where adolescents explore their identities and roles to establish a sense of self.
#10
Who proposed the theory of cognitive development, which outlines the stages of intellectual growth from infancy to adulthood?
Jean Piaget
ExplanationJean Piaget is known for his theory of cognitive development, which describes the stages of intellectual growth from infancy through adulthood.
#11
What is the term for the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, or significant stress?
Mental resilience
ExplanationMental resilience refers to the ability to bounce back and thrive despite facing adversity, trauma, or stress.
#12
What term refers to the process of reflecting on one's thoughts, feelings, and experiences?
Introspection
ExplanationIntrospection involves self-reflection and examination of one's thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
#13
What is the term for the psychological phenomenon where people tend to overestimate the role of dispositional factors and underestimate the influence of situational factors when explaining others' behavior?
Fundamental attribution error
ExplanationFundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal traits rather than external circumstances.
#14
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?
Humility
ExplanationHumility is not one of the Big Five personality traits, which include Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
#15
What is the term for the phenomenon where individuals experience distress when presented with information that contradicts their existing beliefs or values?
Cognitive dissonance
ExplanationCognitive dissonance is the discomfort individuals feel when confronted with information that conflicts with their existing beliefs or values, often leading to efforts to reduce the inconsistency.