#1
What is classical conditioning?
Learning through association
ExplanationLearning by forming associations between stimuli.
#2
Who is associated with the theory of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationB.F. Skinner is a key figure in operant conditioning theory.
#3
Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?
Food
ExplanationInnately reinforcing stimuli like food or water.
#4
In operant conditioning, what is a punishment?
A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring
ExplanationAn event that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
#5
Which psychologist is known for the concept of observational learning?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationAlbert Bandura pioneered the concept of observational learning.
#6
Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
Money
ExplanationA stimulus that gains reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers.
#7
Which of the following is an example of a conditioned response?
Salivating when hearing a bell ring
ExplanationA learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
#8
Which of the following best describes positive reinforcement?
Adding something to increase a behavior
ExplanationStrengthening a behavior by adding a desirable stimulus.
#9
What is extinction in the context of conditioning?
Gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response
ExplanationThe fading away of a learned response over time.
#10
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
The reappearance of an extinguished response after a rest period
ExplanationThe sudden reappearance of a conditioned response after it seemed to have disappeared.
#11
What is the term for the process of gradually shaping behavior toward a desired goal?
Successive approximation
ExplanationAchieving a desired behavior through small, successive steps.
#12
Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement?
Taking away something to increase a behavior
ExplanationStrengthening a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.
#13
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning involves the association between two stimuli, while operant conditioning involves the association between a behavior and its consequences.
ExplanationClassical involves stimulus-stimulus association; operant involves behavior-consequence association.
#14
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Observing someone else being reinforced
ExplanationExperiencing reinforcement through observation of others.
#15
In Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs, what was the neutral stimulus?
Bell
ExplanationThe initially neutral stimulus paired with the unconditioned stimulus.