#1
In classical conditioning, who introduced the concept of the conditioned response?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationPavlov discovered the conditioned response.
#2
Which type of reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again?
Negative reinforcement
ExplanationNegative reinforcement removes something unpleasant to reinforce a behavior.
#3
According to the law of effect, which behavior is more likely to be repeated?
Behaviors followed by positive reinforcement
ExplanationBehaviors followed by positive reinforcement are more likely to be repeated.
#4
What term describes the process of gradually shaping behavior by reinforcing successive approximations to the desired behavior?
Shaping
ExplanationShaping involves rewarding steps towards the desired behavior.
#5
Which of the following is NOT an example of operant conditioning?
A child learning to fear dogs after being bitten by one
ExplanationThis scenario describes classical conditioning, not operant conditioning.
#6
What is the term for learning through observing the behavior of others?
Social learning
ExplanationSocial learning involves learning by observing others' behaviors.
#7
In operant conditioning, which schedule of reinforcement provides reinforcement after a variable number of responses?
Variable-ratio schedule
ExplanationVariable-ratio schedule reinforces after an unpredictable number of responses.
#8
Which psychologist is best known for his work on observational learning, particularly the famous Bobo doll experiment?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationBandura conducted the influential Bobo doll experiment on observational learning.
#9
What is the term for the process of responding to a stimulus that is similar, but not identical, to the conditioned stimulus?
Generalization
ExplanationGeneralization is responding to stimuli similar to the conditioned one.
#10
Who proposed the theory of operant conditioning, which focuses on the influence of consequences on behavior?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationSkinner is known for his theory of operant conditioning.
#11
What is the term for the process by which a conditioned response decreases or disappears when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction occurs when the conditioned response fades due to lack of reinforcement.
#12
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the initial stage of learning during which a response to a neutral stimulus is established and gradually strengthened?
Acquisition
ExplanationAcquisition is the initial learning phase in classical conditioning.
#13
Which of the following is an example of a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement?
A paycheck received every two weeks
ExplanationA fixed-interval schedule provides reinforcement after a specific time interval.
#14
In operant conditioning, what term refers to a situation where the reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses?
Fixed-ratio schedule
ExplanationA fixed-ratio schedule provides reinforcement after a set number of responses.
#15
What is the term for a conditioned response occurring to a stimulus that is similar to, but not the same as, the original conditioned stimulus?
Generalization
ExplanationGeneralization is when a response occurs to similar stimuli.