#1
Which psychologist is known for his experiments on classical conditioning using dogs?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationPavlov conducted classical conditioning experiments with dogs, demonstrating associative learning.
#2
What is the term for the process of forming associations between different stimuli in the environment?
Classical conditioning
ExplanationClassical conditioning involves learning through association between stimuli in the environment.
#3
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs can be addressed?
Physiological needs
ExplanationMaslow's hierarchy states that physiological needs like food and water must be met before higher needs.
#4
According to the concept of 'shaping' in operant conditioning, what is the process of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior?
Successive approximations
ExplanationShaping involves reinforcing behaviors closer to the desired behavior in a step-by-step manner.
#5
What is the term for the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus?
Generalization
ExplanationGeneralization refers to responding similarly to stimuli resembling the conditioned stimulus.
#6
According to the behaviorist perspective, learning is primarily the result of:
Environmental stimuli and reinforcement
ExplanationBehaviorism emphasizes learning through interactions with the environment and reinforcement.
#7
What is the term for the process by which a behavior is weakened or extinguished by removing the consequence that previously reinforced it?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction refers to the fading away of a learned behavior when reinforcement is no longer provided.
#8
Who proposed the social learning theory, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning and modeling in behavior?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationBandura's social learning theory highlights learning through observation and imitation of others.
#9
In the context of operant conditioning, what is negative reinforcement?
The removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior
ExplanationNegative reinforcement strengthens behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.
#10
Which psychological principle suggests that behavior can be influenced by observing others?
Social learning theory
ExplanationSocial learning theory posits that behavior can be learned through observation of others.
#11
Which of the following is NOT a component of Albert Bandura's reciprocal determinism theory?
Reinforcement
ExplanationReciprocal determinism factors in personal, environmental, and behavioral influences but not solely reinforcement.
#12
What is the concept of 'vicarious reinforcement' in social learning theory?
Learning by observing others being reinforced
ExplanationVicarious reinforcement occurs when individuals learn by witnessing others being rewarded or punished.