#1
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
A dog salivating at the sound of a bell
ExplanationAssociation of a neutral stimulus (bell) with a conditioned response (salivation) through repeated pairing.
#2
Who is considered the father of psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
ExplanationFounding figure in psychoanalytic theory, emphasizing the unconscious mind and role of early experiences.
#3
What is the primary function of the amygdala in the brain?
Emotional processing
ExplanationBrain region responsible for processing emotions, especially fear and pleasure.
#4
Who developed the theory of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationBehaviorist psychologist known for reinforcing or punishing behaviors to shape learning.
#5
Which of the following best describes the concept of cognitive dissonance?
The discomfort experienced when holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes
ExplanationPsychological discomfort arising from conflicting cognitions, leading to a desire for consistency.
#6
Which term refers to the tendency to attribute our own thoughts and feelings to others?
Projection
ExplanationPsychological defense mechanism projecting one's own emotions onto others.
#7
The 'Big Five' personality traits include all of the following except:
Optimism
ExplanationCommonly accepted personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.
#8
Which type of memory has the shortest duration?
Sensory memory
ExplanationBrief storage of sensory information, such as visual or auditory stimuli, before further processing.
#9
What is the primary neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward?
Dopamine
ExplanationNeurotransmitter linked to pleasure, reward, and reinforcement of behaviors.
#10
What term is used to describe the mental shortcut strategy that involves making judgments based on how easily something comes to mind?
Availability heuristic
ExplanationCognitive bias relying on the ease of recalling information to make judgments about its prevalence or importance.
#11
According to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, what is reciprocal determinism?
The idea that behavior is influenced by both internal factors and environmental stimuli, and in turn, influences those same factors
ExplanationDynamic interaction between personal, behavioral, and environmental factors.
#12
In which stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory do individuals typically experience the conflict of 'Identity vs. Role Confusion'?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
ExplanationAdolescent stage focusing on forming a coherent sense of self and personal identity.
#13
What is the primary focus of humanistic psychology?
Promoting personal growth and self-actualization
ExplanationPsychological perspective emphasizing individual potential for growth and self-realization.
#14
What is the term for the process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved?
Cognition
ExplanationThe mental processes of acquiring, storing, and retrieving information.
#15
Who proposed the concept of 'self-efficacy', which refers to an individual's belief in their ability to achieve goals and perform tasks?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationPsychologist emphasizing the belief in one's capability to accomplish tasks and reach goals.