Psychological Phenomena and Concepts Quiz

Cognitive psychology focuses on exploring mental processes such as perception, memory, and decision-making.

Information processing is the process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information in our memory system.

Apophenia is the tendency to perceive meaningful patterns or connections in random or meaningless data, often leading to the belief in superstitions or conspiracy theories.

Social loafing is the tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working collectively compared to when working individually, often due to diffusion of responsibility.

Cognitive dissonance describes the discomfort or tension individuals feel when their beliefs or behaviors are inconsistent, leading to efforts to reduce the inconsistency.

Primacy effect refers to the tendency to remember items presented at the beginning of a list better than those in the middle.

Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, suggesting that intelligence is not a single, fixed trait but rather a range of abilities.

Fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency to overemphasize internal characteristics to explain someone else's behavior while underestimating the influence of external factors.

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with feelings of pleasure, reward, and motivation.

Serial position effect describes the tendency to remember items presented at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list better than those in the middle.

Sigmund Freud is considered the founder of psychoanalysis, a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy.

Normative social influence refers to the tendency to conform to a group's behavior or opinions to fit in or avoid rejection, even if it contradicts one's personal beliefs.

The amygdala plays a key role in processing emotions, particularly fear and aggression, as well as forming emotional memories.

B.F. Skinner proposed the theory of operant conditioning, which focuses on how behavior is influenced by its consequences, such as reinforcement and punishment.

The frontal lobe, particularly the left hemisphere, is primarily responsible for language production and speech.

Fundamental attribution error is the tendency to underestimate the influence of situational factors and overestimate the influence of dispositional factors when explaining others' behavior, attributing behavior more to internal traits than to external circumstances.