#1
Which psychological theory suggests that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions and associations?
Social learning theory
ExplanationSocial learning theory posits that individuals learn criminal behavior through observing and imitating others in their social environment.
#2
Who proposed the Social Bond Theory, emphasizing the importance of social bonds in preventing criminal behavior?
Travis Hirschi
ExplanationTravis Hirschi proposed the Social Bond Theory, highlighting the significance of strong social bonds in deterring individuals from engaging in criminal activities.
#3
According to the classical school of criminology, what is the primary purpose of punishment?
Deterrence of future criminal behavior
ExplanationThe primary purpose of punishment according to the classical school of criminology is the deterrence of future criminal behavior.
#4
Who is known for developing the concept of 'anomie' as a condition of normlessness in society that leads to increased criminal behavior?
Emile Durkheim
ExplanationEmile Durkheim is known for developing the concept of 'anomie' as a condition of normlessness in society that contributes to increased criminal behavior.
#5
Which psychological perspective focuses on unconscious motivations and conflicts as determinants of criminal behavior?
Psychoanalytic perspective
ExplanationThe psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes unconscious motivations and conflicts as influential factors in shaping criminal behavior.
#6
According to strain theory, what are the five modes of individual adaptation to the gap between societal goals and available means?
Conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion
ExplanationStrain theory suggests that individuals adapt to societal goals and means in various ways, including conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, or rebellion.
#7
In criminology, what does the Routine Activity Theory propose regarding crime?
Crime occurs when three elements converge: motivated offenders, suitable targets, and lack of capable guardianship
ExplanationThe Routine Activity Theory suggests that crime happens when motivated offenders, suitable targets, and the absence of capable guardianship converge.
#8
According to the labeling theory, what is the primary focus when studying criminal behavior?
The process of how individuals come to be labeled as deviant or criminal
ExplanationThe primary focus of the labeling theory is understanding the process by which individuals are labeled and stigmatized as deviant or criminal.
#9
What is the central concept of the General Strain Theory in criminology?
Strain or stress leads to negative emotions, which can result in criminal behavior
ExplanationThe central concept of the General Strain Theory is that strain or stress leads to negative emotions, which may culminate in criminal behavior.
#10
Who developed the concept of the 'criminal personality' and identified several personality traits associated with criminal behavior?
Hans Eysenck
ExplanationHans Eysenck developed the concept of the 'criminal personality' and identified specific personality traits correlated with criminal behavior.
#11
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits commonly associated with criminal behavior?
Spirituality
ExplanationSpirituality is not considered one of the Big Five personality traits commonly associated with criminal behavior.
#12
According to the Differential Association Theory, how do individuals learn criminal behavior?
Through interactions with others who provide definitions favorable to law violation
ExplanationIndividuals learn criminal behavior through interactions with others who provide definitions favorable to violating the law, according to the Differential Association Theory.
#13
Who developed the concept of 'neutralization techniques' to explain how individuals rationalize or justify their criminal behavior?
Gresham Sykes and David Matza
ExplanationGresham Sykes and David Matza developed the concept of 'neutralization techniques' to elucidate how individuals rationalize or justify their criminal actions.
#14
According to the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), what are the key characteristics of psychopathy?
Lack of empathy, impulsivity, and shallow emotions
ExplanationAccording to the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), key characteristics of psychopathy include lack of empathy, impulsivity, and shallow emotions.