#1
Which stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory occurs during infancy?
Trust vs. Mistrust
ExplanationInfants develop trust when their needs are consistently met, fostering a sense of security.
#2
According to Jean Piaget, which stage occurs during the age range of 2 to 7 years, where children start to use language and symbols to represent objects?
Preoperational Stage
ExplanationChildren develop symbolic thinking but lack logical reasoning abilities.
#3
Which theorist is known for proposing the 'Psychosexual Stages of Development'?
Sigmund Freud
ExplanationStages where libido energy focuses on different erogenous zones.
#4
According to Erik Erikson, what is the central conflict in the stage of 'Industry vs. Inferiority'?
Competence vs. Inferiority
ExplanationChildren strive to master skills and achieve recognition.
#5
What is the term for the process of learning behaviors or attitudes by observing and imitating others?
Modeling
ExplanationLearning through observation and imitation of others' behaviors.
#6
What is the term for the psychological process where new information is incorporated into existing schemas?
Assimilation
ExplanationIntegrating new information into existing mental frameworks.
#7
Who proposed the concept of 'Hierarchy of Needs' in personality development?
Abraham Maslow
ExplanationPeople are motivated to fulfill basic needs before higher-order needs like self-actualization.
#8
Which defense mechanism, according to Freud, involves attributing one's unacceptable thoughts or impulses to another person?
Projection
ExplanationUnconscious attribution of one's unacceptable thoughts or impulses to others.
#9
In Freud's theory, what is the term for the part of personality that mediates between the demands of the id, superego, and reality?
Ego
ExplanationBalances the desires of the id with the constraints of reality and morality.
#10
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?
Empathy
ExplanationEmpathy is a separate construct from the Big Five: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
#11
Which theorist proposed the concept of the 'Zone of Proximal Development'?
Lev Vygotsky
ExplanationRange of tasks a child can perform with assistance, but not independently.
#12
Which of the following is NOT one of the 'Big Five' personality traits?
Sociability
ExplanationSociability is a trait not included in the Big Five model.
#13
According to Erik Erikson's theory, what is the crisis faced during adolescence?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
ExplanationAdolescents seek to form a coherent self-identity amidst societal expectations.
#14
What is the term for the process by which an individual learns the norms, values, and behaviors of their culture?
Enculturation
ExplanationSocialization into one's culture's norms, values, and practices.
#15
Who proposed the concept of 'Self-Actualization' as the highest level of psychological development?
Abraham Maslow
ExplanationFulfilling one's potential and achieving personal growth.
#16
Who proposed the concept of 'self-schema' as a cognitive structure for organizing self-relevant information?
Markus and Nurius
ExplanationMental frameworks of self-concept used to process self-relevant information.
#17
Which stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory is characterized by adherence to universal ethical principles?
Postconventional Morality
ExplanationActing according to self-chosen ethical principles, even if they conflict with laws.
#18
Who developed the theory of 'cognitive development' that emphasizes the role of culture in shaping cognitive development?
Lev Vygotsky
ExplanationSocial interactions and cultural tools play crucial roles in cognitive growth.