#1
Which stage of Erikson's psychosocial development theory occurs during infancy?
Trust vs. Mistrust
ExplanationInfancy stage focuses on developing trust in caregivers or experiencing mistrust.
#2
According to Piaget, which stage of cognitive development occurs during adolescence?
Formal Operational Stage
ExplanationAdolescence involves abstract thinking and logical reasoning in the formal operational stage.
#3
According to Erikson's theory, what is the primary crisis of the stage called 'Industry vs. Inferiority'?
Competence vs. Inadequacy
ExplanationThe 'Industry vs. Inferiority' stage centers on developing competence or feeling inadequate.
#4
Which of the following is a key concept in Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?
Self-efficacy
ExplanationSelf-efficacy, the belief in one's ability to succeed, is a central concept in Albert Bandura's theory.
#5
What is the term for the process by which genetic factors limit an individual's responsiveness to the environment?
Gene-Environment Interaction
ExplanationGene-environment interaction refers to how genetic factors influence responsiveness to the environment.
#6
Which theorist is associated with the concept of the 'crisis of generativity'?
Erik Erikson
ExplanationErikson introduced the concept of the 'crisis of generativity' in his psychosocial development theory.
#7
Which of the following is NOT a defense mechanism proposed by Freud?
Assimilation
ExplanationAssimilation is a concept in Piaget's cognitive development, not Freud's defense mechanisms.
#8
Who is known for the social cognitive theory, emphasizing observational learning and self-efficacy?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationAlbert Bandura's theory highlights learning through observation and the belief in one's capability (self-efficacy).
#9
Who proposed the theory of moral development, which includes stages such as preconventional, conventional, and postconventional morality?
Lawrence Kohlberg
ExplanationKohlberg's theory explores moral development through stages of reasoning.
#10
What is the term for the process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses?
Classical Conditioning
ExplanationClassical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli and responses.
#11
What is the term for a person's deeply held beliefs about themselves, others, and the world?
Self-concept
ExplanationSelf-concept encompasses one's fundamental beliefs about oneself, others, and the world.
#12
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of grief proposed by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross?
Negotiation
ExplanationNegotiation is not a recognized stage in Kübler-Ross's model of grief.
#13
Which term describes a gradual reduction in responding to a repeated stimulus?
Habituation
ExplanationHabituation is the diminishing response to a stimulus after repeated exposure.
#14
Which psychologist proposed the concept of the 'zone of proximal development'?
Lev Vygotsky
ExplanationVygotsky's theory includes the 'zone of proximal development' as the range of tasks a learner can perform with assistance.
#15
Who is known for the ecological systems theory, which emphasizes the influence of various environmental systems on development?
Urie Bronfenbrenner
ExplanationBronfenbrenner's theory examines the impact of multiple environmental systems on individual development.
#16
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs such as self-esteem and self-actualization?
Physiological needs
ExplanationMaslow's hierarchy starts with basic physiological needs that must be satisfied before addressing higher-level needs.
#17
What is the term for the process by which individuals adjust their schemas to new information?
Accommodation
ExplanationAccommodation is the process of adjusting cognitive schemas to incorporate new information.