#1
According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the primary conflict during the adolescence stage?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
ExplanationStruggle between forming a clear self-identity and confusion about one's role in society.
#2
According to Freud's psychosexual development theory, during which stage does the Oedipus or Electra complex occur?
Phallic stage
ExplanationPsychosexual stage where children face unconscious conflicts related to sexual desires for their opposite-sex parent.
#3
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, at which level of moral reasoning do individuals adhere to societal norms and laws?
Conventional level
ExplanationMorality based on conforming to societal norms and following laws.
#4
According to Erik Erikson's theory, what is the primary psychosocial crisis in infancy?
Trust vs. Mistrust
ExplanationInfants develop a sense of trust or mistrust based on the reliability of caregivers.
#5
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, in which stage do children begin to develop the ability to think logically about concrete events?
Concrete operational stage
ExplanationChildren gain the ability to think logically about concrete situations.
#6
Who proposed the concept of the 'self-fulfilling prophecy' in sociology?
Robert Merton
ExplanationIdea that a belief, once held, influences behavior in a way that fulfills the belief.
#7
In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, at which stage does a person make decisions based on self-interest and avoidance of punishment?
Preconventional Level
ExplanationMorality based on personal gain and avoiding punishment rather than internalized ethical principles.
#8
Who proposed the concept of the 'looking-glass self'?
Charles Horton Cooley
ExplanationIdea that our self-concept develops through imagining how others perceive us.
#9
According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, what is the role of language in cognitive development?
It drives cognitive development
ExplanationLanguage plays a crucial role in shaping thought processes and cognitive abilities.
#10
Who proposed the concept of 'role strain' in sociology?
Robert Merton
ExplanationOccurs when individuals experience conflicting expectations within a single role.
#11
What does the 'sociological imagination,' as described by C. Wright Mills, refer to?
The connection between individual experiences and societal structures
ExplanationAbility to understand the link between personal experiences and broader social structures.
#12
According to symbolic interactionism, what is the primary focus of sociology?
Micro-level interactions and symbols
ExplanationStudy of how individuals create meaning through small-scale interactions and shared symbols.
#13
Which sociological theory emphasizes the role of power and coercion in shaping society?
Conflict theory
ExplanationFocuses on how power struggles and coercion influence societal structures and dynamics.
#14
Which perspective in sociology focuses on how individuals construct reality through shared meanings and symbols?
Symbolic interactionism
ExplanationEmphasizes the creation of social reality through shared symbols and meanings in human interactions.
#15
Who coined the term 'socialization' to describe the lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms and values of their society?
George Herbert Mead
ExplanationProcess of acquiring social norms, values, and behaviors through interaction with others.
#16
Which sociological theory emphasizes the importance of shared meanings and symbols in society?
Symbolic interactionism
ExplanationFocuses on the role of symbols and shared meanings in shaping social interactions and structures.
#17
Who proposed the concept of 'anomie' as a state of normlessness in society?
Emile Durkheim
ExplanationRefers to a breakdown of social norms and values, leading to a sense of societal disorganization.