#1
According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory, which stage occurs during infancy?
Trust vs. Mistrust
ExplanationInfants learn to trust or mistrust their caregivers based on their reliability and care.
#2
Who proposed the theory of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationPavlov demonstrated how behaviors could be learned through associations with stimuli.
#3
Who developed the psychosocial crisis theory, which emphasizes the importance of resolving conflicts at various stages of life?
Erik Erikson
ExplanationErikson proposed that individuals face psychosocial crises that must be resolved for healthy development.
#4
Which theorist is associated with the concept of the 'zone of proximal development'?
Lev Vygotsky
ExplanationVygotsky highlighted the zone where a learner can accomplish a task with guidance.
#5
According to Erik Erikson, what is the primary conflict during adolescence?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
ExplanationAdolescents explore and develop a sense of self-identity while navigating social roles.
#6
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
Subconventional
ExplanationSubconventional is not a stage; Kohlberg's stages are preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.
#7
According to Sigmund Freud's psychosexual development theory, what is the stage that occurs during the age of 3 to 6 years?
Phallic stage
ExplanationChildren develop their gender identity and encounter the Oedipus or Electra complex.
#8
Who introduced the concept of 'schemas' in cognitive development theory?
Jean Piaget
ExplanationPiaget described how individuals organize knowledge to understand the world.
#9
According to attachment theory, what is the primary purpose of the attachment behavioral system?
To seek safety and security
ExplanationIt aims to establish a secure base from which individuals can explore and gain support.
#10
In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which level is characterized by conformity to social norms and laws?
Conventional
ExplanationIndividuals adhere to societal expectations and laws to maintain social order.
#11
In the context of developmental psychology, what does the 'nature vs. nurture' debate primarily concern?
The influence of genetics versus the influence of the environment
ExplanationIt debates whether genetic inheritance or environmental factors shape human traits and behaviors more.
#12
Which theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and culture in cognitive development?
Sociocultural theory
ExplanationThis theory underscores how social interactions and cultural context shape cognitive growth.
#13
Who introduced the concept of 'object permanence' in cognitive development?
Jean Piaget
ExplanationPiaget observed how infants understand that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
#14
In Bandura's social cognitive theory, what is the term for the process of learning through observation and imitation of others?
Modeling
ExplanationIndividuals learn behaviors by observing others and imitating their actions.
#15
According to Jean Piaget, what is the term for the process by which new information is incorporated into existing mental structures?
Assimilation
ExplanationIndividuals integrate new information into existing cognitive frameworks.