#1
Which psychological concept refers to the tendency to recall items at the beginning of a list more effectively?
Primacy effect
ExplanationThe Primacy effect is the tendency to remember and recall items presented at the beginning of a list more effectively than those in the middle or at the end.
#2
Which counseling approach focuses on changing irrational thoughts and beliefs to alleviate emotional distress?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
ExplanationCognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a counseling approach that aims to alleviate emotional distress by identifying and changing irrational thoughts and beliefs.
#3
What is the term for a phenomenon where individuals tend to conform to group norms, even if it means going against their own judgment or beliefs?
Conformity
ExplanationConformity is the phenomenon where individuals tend to adjust their behavior and beliefs to align with group norms, even if it contradicts their own judgment.
#4
Which counseling approach emphasizes the importance of the therapeutic relationship and the client's self-actualization?
Person-centered therapy
ExplanationPerson-centered therapy emphasizes the therapeutic relationship and the client's journey toward self-actualization.
#5
What is the term for a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and produces a similar response?
Classical conditioning
ExplanationClassical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, leading to a similar response.
#6
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be fulfilled before an individual can focus on higher-level needs such as self-esteem and self-actualization?
Physiological needs
ExplanationPhysiological needs, such as food, water, and shelter, must be fulfilled before an individual can focus on higher-level needs according to Maslow's hierarchy.
#7
What is the term for a defense mechanism where an individual attributes their own unacceptable feelings or thoughts onto another person?
Projection
ExplanationProjection is a defense mechanism where individuals attribute their own unacceptable feelings or thoughts to another person.
#8
What does the 'ID' represent in Sigmund Freud's structural model of personality?
Pleasure principle
ExplanationIn Freud's structural model, the 'ID' represents the instinctual and pleasure-seeking part of the personality, operating on the pleasure principle.
#9
Which theorist is known for developing the stages of psychosocial development, including stages such as trust vs. mistrust and integrity vs. despair?
Erik Erikson
ExplanationErik Erikson is known for his psychosocial development theory, which includes stages such as trust vs. mistrust and integrity vs. despair.
#10
What is the term for a phenomenon where individuals in a group tend to exert less effort when working collectively compared to when working individually?
Social loafing
ExplanationSocial loafing is the phenomenon where individuals in a group exert less effort when working collectively compared to when working individually.
#11
In the context of counseling, what does the acronym 'ABC' stand for in Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)?
Activating event, Beliefs, Consequences
ExplanationIn Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), 'ABC' stands for Activating event, Beliefs, and Consequences, representing the cognitive process.
#12
In the context of counseling, what does the term 'mirroring' refer to?
Reflecting back the client's emotions or experiences
ExplanationMirroring in counseling refers to the technique of reflecting back the client's emotions or experiences to enhance understanding and rapport.
#13
What is the term for a counseling technique where the therapist repeats and rephrases the client's words to show understanding and encourage further exploration?
Reflecting
ExplanationReflecting in counseling is a technique where the therapist repeats and rephrases the client's words to demonstrate understanding and promote further exploration.
#14
What is the term for a counseling technique where the therapist reflects the client's feelings and experiences without interpreting or judging?
Empathizing
ExplanationEmpathizing in counseling is a technique where the therapist reflects the client's feelings and experiences without adding interpretation or judgment.
#15
What is the term for a counseling technique where the therapist restates the client's words to confirm understanding and encourage further exploration?
Clarifying
ExplanationClarifying in counseling is a technique where the therapist restates the client's words to confirm understanding and encourage further exploration.