#1
Which theorist proposed the concept of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationB.F. Skinner proposed operant conditioning.
#2
Which term describes the process of gradually reducing the frequency or strength of a response by ceasing reinforcement?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction: reducing response through no reinforcement.
#3
According to the behaviorist perspective, what is the primary focus of study in psychology?
Observable behavior
ExplanationBehaviorism focuses on observable behavior.
#4
Which concept refers to the tendency to recall items at the beginning of a list more effectively than those in the middle or end?
Primacy effect
ExplanationPrimacy effect: recalling items at list beginning better.
#5
What does the acronym SMART stand for in the context of goal setting?
Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Timely
ExplanationSMART: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Timely.
#6
What is the concept of 'shaping' in the context of learning?
Breaking down complex behaviors into smaller steps
ExplanationShaping involves breaking down complex behaviors.
#7
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what is the term for the process of altering existing schemas or creating new ones?
Accommodation
ExplanationAccommodation is altering or creating schemas.
#8
What is the main premise of the social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura?
Learning occurs through observation and imitation
ExplanationBandura's theory: learning through observation.
#9
Which type of reinforcement involves presenting an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior?
Punishment
ExplanationPunishment: decreases behavior with unpleasant stimulus.
#10
According to the information processing model, which memory system has the shortest duration?
Sensory memory
ExplanationSensory memory has the shortest duration.
#11
What does the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve illustrate?
The rate at which information is forgotten over time
ExplanationEbbinghaus forgetting curve shows forgetting rate.
#12
Which of the following is NOT a principle of classical conditioning?
Elaboration
ExplanationElaboration is not a principle of classical conditioning.
#13
In the context of cognitive load theory, what does 'intrinsic cognitive load' refer to?
The complexity of the material being learned
ExplanationIntrinsic cognitive load: complexity of material.
#14
According to the dual-coding theory, which types of information are processed more effectively?
Visual and auditory
ExplanationDual-coding theory: visual and auditory processing.
#15
According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, what is the relationship between arousal and performance?
Performance increases as arousal increases, up to a certain point
ExplanationYerkes-Dodson law: arousal-performance relationship.