#1
Which research method involves observing and recording behavior in its natural setting without manipulating it?
Naturalistic observation
ExplanationObserving behavior in its natural setting without interference.
#2
What is the main focus of the psychosocial theory of human development proposed by Erik Erikson?
Social and emotional development
ExplanationEmphasizes impact of social and emotional factors on development.
#3
In survey research, what is a Likert scale commonly used for?
Assessing attitudes and opinions
ExplanationMeasuring attitudes or opinions on a scale.
#4
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, at which level of moral development are individuals motivated by a desire to maintain social order and conform to authority?
Conventional level
ExplanationLevel where societal norms and rules dictate morality.
#5
Which statistical measure describes the degree and direction of a relationship between two variables?
Correlation coefficient
ExplanationQuantifies strength and direction of a relationship.
#6
According to Kohlberg's stages of moral development, at which level do individuals act based on their internal principles and values, rather than societal expectations?
Postconventional level
ExplanationMoral reasoning based on personal principles.
#7
In the context of human development, which stage is associated with the conflict of trust vs. mistrust, according to Erik Erikson's theory?
Infancy
ExplanationStage where trust in caregivers is developed or mistrust may occur.
#8
What is the purpose of a longitudinal study in empirical research?
To observe and measure changes in a sample over an extended period
ExplanationTracking changes in a sample over a long duration.
#9
What is the primary goal of correlational research in empirical inquiry?
To describe and predict the relationship between two variables
ExplanationUnderstanding and predicting relationships between variables.
#10
According to the ecological systems theory, which level of the environment includes the relationships and interactions among various microsystems?
Mesosystem
ExplanationInteractions among different environments a person experiences.
#11
What is the primary difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs?
Cross-sectional studies focus on a single point in time, while longitudinal studies observe changes over time.
ExplanationCross-sectional vs. longitudinal comparison of data.
#12
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which level represents the need for self-esteem, achievement, and recognition?
Esteem needs
ExplanationLevel focusing on self-respect, achievement, and recognition.
#13
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which stage is characterized by the ability to think logically about abstract concepts?
Formal operational stage
ExplanationStage where abstract thinking and logic are developed.
#14
What is a confounding variable in experimental research?
A variable that distorts the true relationship between independent and dependent variables
ExplanationVariable that affects study outcomes besides the variables being studied.
#15
What is the term for the extent to which a measure assesses what it claims to measure in research?
Validity
ExplanationMeasure's accuracy in assessing what it's supposed to.
#16
In the context of human development, what is the term for the genetically influenced characteristics that are relatively stable over time?
Genotype
ExplanationInherited genetic makeup determining traits.
#17
What is the key difference between quantitative and qualitative research?
Quantitative research focuses on numerical data, while qualitative research involves non-numerical data.
ExplanationNumeric vs. non-numeric data collection and analysis.
#18
What is the term for the process by which new information is incorporated into existing cognitive structures?
Assimilation
ExplanationIntegrating new knowledge into existing understanding.