#1
What is the basic principle of classical conditioning?
Associating a neutral stimulus with an involuntary response
ExplanationLinking a neutral stimulus to an involuntary reaction.
#2
Who is known for the experiments with dogs that led to the concept of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationPioneer of classical conditioning through dog experiments.
#3
Which psychologist is associated with the Law of Effect?
Edward Thorndike
ExplanationCreator of the Law of Effect.
#4
What is the term for the process of learning by observing others and imitating their behaviors?
Social learning theory
ExplanationLearning through observation and imitation.
#5
What is the key concept in operant conditioning that involves strengthening a behavior by presenting a reinforcer after the behavior?
Positive reinforcement
ExplanationStrengthening behavior through rewards.
#6
In classical conditioning, what is extinction?
The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response
ExplanationThe fading away of a learned response over time.
#7
What is a primary reinforcer in operant conditioning?
A stimulus that naturally reinforces a response
ExplanationA stimulus inherently rewarding for a behavior.
#8
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
The return of a conditioned response after a period of extinction
ExplanationThe reappearance of a learned response.
#9
In operant conditioning, what is negative reinforcement?
The removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior
ExplanationTaking away discomfort to encourage behavior.
#10
What is the process of stimulus generalization in classical conditioning?
The tendency for a conditioned response to be elicited by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
ExplanationReacting to similar stimuli as the original.
#11
Which schedule of reinforcement results in the highest rate of response and resistance to extinction?
Variable ratio
ExplanationA schedule offering unpredictable rewards.
#12
What is shaping in operant conditioning?
Gradually reinforcing behaviors that approximate the target behavior
ExplanationStep-by-step rewarding of desired behaviors.
#13
What is the difference between positive punishment and negative punishment in operant conditioning?
Positive punishment adds a stimulus, while negative punishment removes a stimulus.
ExplanationAdding or taking away to discourage behavior.