#1
In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
The stimulus that elicits an automatic response
ExplanationUnconditioned stimulus prompts an innate reflexive response.
#2
Which psychologist is associated with operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationB.F. Skinner is known for his work on operant conditioning.
#3
Which term describes the process of learning new behaviors or information by watching others?
Imitation
ExplanationImitation is the replication of observed behaviors.
#4
What is a primary reinforcer in operant conditioning?
A reinforcer that inherently satisfies a biological need
ExplanationPrimary reinforcers fulfill basic biological requirements.
#5
What is shaping in operant conditioning?
The gradual process of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior
ExplanationShaping involves rewarding successive approximations of the desired behavior.
#6
What is the difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement adds a stimulus to increase behavior; negative reinforcement removes a stimulus to increase behavior.
ExplanationPositive reinforcement adds while negative reinforcement removes stimuli.
#7
What is generalization in classical conditioning?
The process of responding the same way to similar stimuli
ExplanationGeneralization is reacting similarly to stimuli resembling the conditioned one.
#8
What is extinction in operant conditioning?
The process of gradually decreasing the frequency or strength of a learned response
ExplanationExtinction involves diminishing the frequency of a learned behavior by removing reinforcement.
#9
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses; operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors.
ExplanationClassical conditioning is reflexive while operant conditioning involves voluntary actions.
#10
Which type of reinforcement schedule yields the highest resistance to extinction?
Variable-ratio
ExplanationVariable-ratio reinforcement schedule provides the strongest resistance to extinction.
#11
What is the Premack Principle?
The principle of reinforcement by allowing access to more preferred activities
ExplanationPremack Principle reinforces less desired behaviors with more desirable ones.
#12
What is stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning?
The process of responding differently to similar stimuli
ExplanationStimulus discrimination involves reacting differently to similar stimuli.
#13
According to Bandura's social learning theory, what is self-efficacy?
The belief in one's ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment
ExplanationSelf-efficacy is confidence in one's capability to influence outcomes.
#14
What is the role of reinforcement in shaping behavior?
To gradually strengthen behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior
ExplanationReinforcement reinforces behaviors towards a desired outcome.
#15
How does cognitive learning theory differ from behaviorism?
Cognitive learning theory emphasizes the role of mental processes in learning; behaviorism focuses solely on observable behaviors.
ExplanationCognitive learning theory incorporates mental processes, whereas behaviorism emphasizes observable actions.
#16
What is the role of modeling in observational learning?
To demonstrate the behavior to be learned
ExplanationModeling involves displaying behaviors to be imitated.
#17
According to Bandura, what are the four processes involved in observational learning?
Attention, retention, production, motivation
ExplanationObservational learning involves attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.