#1
What is the basic principle of associative learning?
Classical conditioning
ExplanationLearning by association where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus.
#2
Who is considered the pioneer of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationRussian physiologist known for his experiments with dogs, demonstrating classical conditioning.
#3
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
A pigeon pecking a key to receive food
ExplanationLearning through consequences, where behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on their outcomes.
#4
Which theorist is associated with the concept of social learning theory?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationPsychologist known for his work on observational learning and the Bobo doll experiment.
#5
Which type of reinforcement schedule provides reinforcement after a variable number of responses?
Variable ratio
ExplanationA reinforcement schedule where reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses.
#6
What is the term for the process of learning through observing others' behaviors and their consequences?
Observational learning
ExplanationLearning by watching others and imitating their actions.
#7
In classical conditioning, what is an unconditioned stimulus?
A stimulus that naturally elicits a response
ExplanationA stimulus that triggers a reflexive response without prior learning.
#8
What is the term for the weakening of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent?
Extinction
ExplanationThe gradual decrease in the strength or frequency of a learned response.
#9
What is the process by which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response?
Acquisition
ExplanationThe initial stage of learning where a neutral stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
#10
What is a primary reinforcer?
A reinforcer that naturally satisfies a biological need
ExplanationA stimulus that inherently satisfies a basic survival need.
#11
Which of the following best describes the concept of stimulus generalization?
The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
ExplanationThe extension of a learned response to similar stimuli.
#12
What is the term for the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest?
Spontaneous recovery
ExplanationThe sudden return of a previously extinguished response.
#13
Which of the following best describes the law of effect proposed by Edward Thorndike?
Responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again.
ExplanationBehaviors followed by positive consequences are reinforced, increasing the likelihood of their recurrence.
#14
What is the term for the process by which behaviors are gradually 'stamped in' through reinforcement?
Shaping
ExplanationThe method of reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.
#15
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the weakening of a conditioned response due to the presentation of a new conditioned stimulus?
Blocking
ExplanationThe failure of a new conditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response.
#16
Which of the following is NOT a component of the triadic reciprocal causation model proposed by Albert Bandura?
Consequences
ExplanationThe model includes personal factors, environmental factors, and behavior.