#1
Which statement best represents an internal locus of control?
I am in control of my own destiny.
ExplanationInternal locus of control entails the belief in personal agency and responsibility.
#2
In the context of personal beliefs and empowerment, what does the term 'self-determination' refer to?
The ability to control and direct one's own life.
ExplanationSelf-determination involves the capacity to govern and steer one's own life direction.
#3
According to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, what term is used to describe the process by which individuals observe and imitate the behavior of others?
Social learning
ExplanationSocial learning refers to the process of observing and imitating others' behavior, as per Bandura's theory.
#4
In the context of personal empowerment, what does the term 'resilience' refer to?
The ability to adapt and bounce back from adversity.
ExplanationResilience involves the capability to recover and adapt positively in the face of adversity.
#5
According to the concept of self-efficacy, what is the belief in one's ability to accomplish a specific task or goal called?
Self-efficacy
ExplanationSelf-efficacy refers to the belief in one's capability to achieve specific goals or tasks.
#6
In the context of empowerment, what does the term 'agency' refer to?
The capacity to act independently and make choices.
ExplanationAgency in empowerment denotes the ability to act autonomously and make decisions.
#7
According to the concept of learned helplessness, individuals may develop a belief that their actions have no effect on their circumstances, leading to a sense of powerlessness. Who is associated with the development of this concept?
Martin Seligman
ExplanationLearned helplessness, associated with Martin Seligman, refers to the belief in lack of control due to past experiences of failure.
#8
What term describes the cognitive bias where individuals attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors?
Self-serving bias
ExplanationSelf-serving bias involves attributing positive events internally and negative events externally.
#9
In the context of personal beliefs, what is the term for the tendency to view one's own cultural or ethnic group positively and others negatively?
Ethnocentrism
ExplanationEthnocentrism refers to favoring one's own cultural or ethnic group over others.
#10
What psychological term refers to the phenomenon where individuals attribute their successes to internal factors and failures to external factors?
Self-serving bias
ExplanationSelf-serving bias involves attributing successes internally and failures externally.
#11
Which psychological concept involves attributing negative events to external factors and positive events to personal traits or abilities?
Self-serving bias
ExplanationSelf-serving bias involves attributing failures externally and successes internally.
#12
What is the term for the phenomenon where individuals underestimate the time, cost, and risks of future actions while overestimating the benefits?
Optimism bias
ExplanationOptimism bias leads individuals to underestimate future risks and overestimate benefits.
#13
Who introduced the concept of 'internal-external locus of control' in psychology?
Julian Rotter
ExplanationJulian Rotter introduced the internal-external locus of control framework.
#14
What is the psychological term for the tendency to favor information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or values?
Confirmation bias
ExplanationConfirmation bias involves favoring information aligning with existing beliefs or values.
#15
According to the concept of 'self-fulfilling prophecy,' what happens when an individual's belief or expectation about a situation influences their behavior in a way that brings about the expected outcome?
The prophecy becomes true
ExplanationSelf-fulfilling prophecy occurs when belief influences behavior to align with the expectation, thus fulfilling the prophecy.
#16
What psychological term describes the tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors and underestimate the impact of external factors when making attributions about others' behavior?
Fundamental attribution error
ExplanationFundamental attribution error refers to overestimating internal factors and underestimating external factors in explaining others' behavior.