#1
In diabetes mellitus, impaired insulin secretion is a characteristic of which type?
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Gestational diabetes
Insulin resistance
#2
Which hormone is responsible for the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism?
Insulin
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Thyroxine
Cortisol
#3
In which organ does the majority of nutrient absorption take place in the digestive system?
Stomach
Liver
Small intestine
Large intestine
#4
In which phase of the cardiac cycle does ventricular contraction occur?
Atrial systole
Ventricular diastole
Atrial diastole
Ventricular systole
#5
In which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation typically occur?
Menstrual phase
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Luteal phase
#6
Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic inflammation?
Rapid onset
Presence of neutrophils
Resolution of tissue damage
Fibrosis and tissue destruction
#7
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of heart failure?
Hypertension
Tachycardia
Peripheral edema
Bronchospasm
#8
What is the primary cellular target of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils
#9
Which of the following is a common complication of cirrhosis?
Hypertension
Ascites
Hyperthyroidism
Osteoporosis
#10
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of rheumatoid arthritis?
Osteoporosis
Symmetric joint involvement
Elevated blood glucose levels
Hypercholesterolemia
#11
What is the primary cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
Bacterial infection
Trauma to the chest
Severe burns
Inflammatory lung injury
#12
In autoimmune diseases, what is the mechanism underlying self-reactive immune responses?
Downregulation of immune cells
Loss of tolerance
Enhanced phagocytosis
Reduced cytokine production
#13
What is the primary defect in cystic fibrosis?
Abnormal clotting factor production
Impaired sodium and chloride transport
Defective insulin secretion
Excessive mucus production
#14
Which of the following is a hallmark feature of Alzheimer's disease?
Neurofibrillary tangles
Inflammatory plaques
Excessive dopamine production
Enlarged ventricles
#15
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Hypertension
Photosensitivity
Osteoarthritis
Type 2 diabetes