#1
Which of the following is a common symptom of acute kidney injury?
Oliguria
ExplanationReduced urine output.
#2
Which diagnostic test is used to confirm the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI)?
Urinalysis
ExplanationExamines urine for signs of infection, such as white blood cells or bacteria.
#3
Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly associated with renal failure?
Hyperkalemia
ExplanationElevated potassium levels due to impaired excretion.
#4
What is the primary function of the kidneys in the human body?
Filtration of blood and waste elimination
ExplanationFilters blood, removes waste, and regulates electrolyte balance.
#5
Which type of dialysis involves the removal of waste products from the blood using a semipermeable membrane?
Hemodialysis
ExplanationBlood circulates through a machine for filtration.
#6
Which medication is commonly used to treat hyperkalemia?
Kayexalate
ExplanationExchanges sodium ions for potassium in the intestines, reducing potassium levels.
#7
What is the primary goal of dietary management in chronic kidney disease?
To reduce protein intake
ExplanationMinimizes kidney workload and delays progression.
#8
Which condition is characterized by the formation of kidney stones?
Renal calculi
ExplanationSolid masses formed in kidneys from minerals and salts.
#9
What is the recommended fluid intake for a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
2 to 3 liters per day
ExplanationMaintains hydration without overburdening kidneys.
#10
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of polycystic kidney disease?
Presence of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys
ExplanationGenetic disorder causing cyst formation in kidneys.
#11
Which hormone regulates the production of red blood cells in response to decreased oxygen levels?
Erythropoietin
ExplanationStimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells.
#12
What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Diabetes mellitus
ExplanationDamages kidney vessels and nephrons over time.
#13
Which medication is commonly used to manage symptoms of urinary retention?
Bethanechol
ExplanationIncreases bladder muscle contractions to aid urine flow.
#14
What is the first-line treatment for urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by Escherichia coli?
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
ExplanationEffective against E. coli, a common UTI bacterium.
#15
Which of the following dietary restrictions is typically recommended for patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Low-protein diet
ExplanationReduces workload on kidneys and slows disease progression.
#16
Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of renal cell carcinoma?
Hypertension
ExplanationHigh blood pressure increases cancer risk.
#17
Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly associated with the use of loop diuretics?
Hypokalemia
ExplanationEnhanced potassium excretion leading to low levels.