#1
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be fulfilled first?
Safety needs
ExplanationSafety needs must be fulfilled first before higher-level needs can be addressed.
#2
Which term refers to the process of setting specific, challenging goals that motivate individuals to perform at their best?
Goal setting
ExplanationGoal setting involves establishing specific and challenging objectives to enhance motivation and performance.
#3
What type of reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior?
Negative reinforcement
ExplanationNegative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
#4
Which theory of motivation suggests that individuals are motivated by the satisfaction of their needs and that these needs are arranged in a hierarchy?
Hierarchy of needs theory
ExplanationHierarchy of needs theory posits that individuals are motivated to fulfill basic needs arranged in a hierarchical order, as proposed by Abraham Maslow.
#5
Which theory of motivation suggests that individuals are motivated by the discrepancy between their current state and a desired state?
Expectancy theory
ExplanationExpectancy theory posits that motivation is driven by the belief that effort will lead to a desired outcome.
#6
Which neurotransmitter is often associated with pleasure and reward, playing a role in motivation and addiction?
Dopamine
ExplanationDopamine is associated with pleasure and reward, motivating behaviors that lead to gratification.
#7
In the context of motivation, what does the term 'extrinsic motivation' refer to?
Motivation that comes from external rewards or punishments
ExplanationExtrinsic motivation is driven by external incentives or consequences.
#8
Which motivational theory suggests that individuals are driven by the desire to maintain a balance between their inputs and outcomes compared to others?
Equity theory
ExplanationEquity theory proposes that motivation is influenced by perceptions of fairness in input-output ratios compared to others.
#9
What term describes the tendency for individuals to perform better on tasks when they are being observed compared to when they are not being observed?
Social facilitation
ExplanationSocial facilitation refers to improved performance in the presence of others.
#10
According to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), which of the following is NOT one of the basic psychological needs that drive human behavior?
Security
ExplanationSecurity is not considered one of the basic psychological needs in Self-Determination Theory.
#11
Which of the following is NOT a component of the Self-Determination Theory (SDT)?
Dominance
ExplanationDominance is not a component of Self-Determination Theory, which includes autonomy, competence, and relatedness as basic psychological needs.
#12
According to the cognitive evaluation theory, which factor may undermine intrinsic motivation?
Extrinsic rewards
ExplanationExtrinsic rewards may undermine intrinsic motivation, as they can reduce the perceived autonomy or enjoyment of an activity.
#13
According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, what relationship exists between arousal and performance?
U-shaped
ExplanationThe Yerkes-Dodson law describes a U-shaped relationship between arousal and performance, indicating that moderate arousal levels lead to optimal performance.
#14
What concept refers to the idea that individuals tend to choose actions that offer the greatest rewards and least punishments?
Rational choice theory
ExplanationRational choice theory suggests that individuals make decisions based on maximizing rewards and minimizing punishments.