#1
Which of the following is a characteristic of Mendelian genetics?
Discrete traits
ExplanationTraits that are clearly defined and controlled by a single gene.
#2
In Mendel's experiments with pea plants, what is the ratio of offspring phenotypes in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross?
3:1
ExplanationThree individuals displaying one phenotype to one individual displaying the other.
#3
What is the term for an allele that is only expressed in the phenotype if two copies are present?
Recessive allele
ExplanationAn allele whose expression is masked by a dominant allele when heterozygous.
#4
Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance?
Red and white flowers in snapdragons
ExplanationWhen the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of the homozygous genotypes.
#5
What is the term for a gene that masks the expression of another gene?
Dominant gene
ExplanationAn allele that is always expressed, even if only one copy is present.
#6
Which of the following is not a possible blood type in the ABO blood group system?
BB
ExplanationThis represents a homozygous genotype for the B blood type, which is a possible blood type in the ABO blood group system.
#7
Which of the following represents a homozygous genotype?
BB
ExplanationHaving two identical alleles for a particular gene.
#8
What is the probability of obtaining a homozygous recessive offspring from a heterozygous parent?
25%
ExplanationOne out of four possible outcomes.
#9
What is the genotype of a male individual in terms of sex chromosomes?
XY
ExplanationHaving one X and one Y chromosome.
#10
In a sex-linked trait, if a female is a carrier (heterozygous) for the trait, what is the chance her son will express the trait?
50%
ExplanationOne out of two possibilities as the son can inherit either the X chromosome with the trait or the Y chromosome without it.
#11
What is the term for the genetic makeup of an organism?
Genotype
ExplanationThe combination of alleles that an individual carries for a particular gene.
#12
What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals?
3:1
ExplanationThree individuals displaying one phenotype to one individual displaying the other.
#13
In a dihybrid cross, what is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring if both parents are heterozygous for both traits?
9:3:3:1
ExplanationNine displaying both dominant traits, three displaying one dominant and one recessive, three displaying the other dominant and one recessive, one displaying both recessive traits.
#14
What is the principle of segregation?
Each pair of alleles segregates during gamete formation
ExplanationDuring gamete formation, the alleles of each gene segregate from each other, so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.
#15
What is the term for the phenomenon where one gene influences multiple phenotypic traits?
Pleiotropy
ExplanationWhen one gene influences multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits.
#16
What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between two individuals heterozygous for two unlinked traits?
1:1:1:1
ExplanationEqual probability of four different phenotypes.
#17
What term describes the phenomenon where the expression of one gene masks or modifies the expression of another gene?
Epistasis
ExplanationWhen the effect of one gene is dependent on the presence of one or more 'modifier genes'.