#1
Which constitutional amendment protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures by law enforcement?
Fourth Amendment
ExplanationProtects against unreasonable search and seizure without a warrant.
#2
What is 'police discretion'?
The use of personal judgment by law enforcement in deciding how to enforce the law
ExplanationFreedom to decide whether and how to enforce laws.
#3
What does the term 'probable cause' refer to in law enforcement?
Reasonable grounds to believe a crime has been or is being committed
ExplanationLegal basis for law enforcement to conduct searches or make arrests.
#4
What is 'excessive force' in the context of law enforcement?
Force used beyond what is reasonably necessary
ExplanationUnnecessary or disproportionate force by law enforcement.
#5
What does the 'Miranda warning' inform a suspect of during an arrest?
Their right to remain silent and consult with an attorney
ExplanationNotification of rights to suspects in police custody.
#6
What is the 'use of force continuum'?
A set of guidelines on when and how much force law enforcement can use
ExplanationHierarchy of force options in law enforcement responses.
#7
What is the 'plain view doctrine'?
Officers can seize evidence without a warrant if it's in plain sight
ExplanationPermits warrantless seizure of evidence visible to officers.
#8
What is 'racial profiling' in law enforcement?
A practice of using race or ethnicity as a factor in deciding whether to stop and search someone
ExplanationTargeting individuals based on race or ethnicity.
#9
What does 'beyond a reasonable doubt' mean in the context of criminal trials?
A standard of proof required for a conviction
ExplanationHigh level of certainty needed for a conviction.
#10
What is 'qualified immunity' as it applies to law enforcement?
Immunity granted to government officials from civil liability under certain circumstances
ExplanationLegal protection from lawsuits for government officials acting in their official capacity.
#11
What is the 'fruit of the poisonous tree' doctrine in law enforcement?
Evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in court
ExplanationIllegally obtained evidence is inadmissible in court.
#12
What is the purpose of the 'good faith exception' to the exclusionary rule?
To allow evidence to be used in court if obtained in good faith
ExplanationPermits admission of evidence obtained in good faith.
#13
What is the purpose of the 'Graham v. Connor' standard in evaluating police use of force?
To assess whether officers acted reasonably under the circumstances
ExplanationDetermining reasonableness of force used by police.
#14
What is 'vicarious liability' concerning law enforcement?
The liability of law enforcement agencies for the actions of their officers
ExplanationResponsibility of agencies for actions of their employees.
#15
What is the 'Brady Rule' in criminal procedure?
A rule requiring prosecutors to disclose exculpatory evidence to the defense
ExplanationObligation of prosecutors to share evidence favoring the defendant.
#16
What is 'entrapment' in the context of law enforcement?
Inducing individuals to commit crimes they would not have committed otherwise
ExplanationCoercing individuals into committing crimes.