#1
What is the term for learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others?
Modeling
ExplanationLearning by observing and imitating others' behaviors.
#2
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
A child learns to fear dogs after being bitten by one.
ExplanationAssociation of neutral stimulus with meaningful one leads to a response.
#3
Which of the following best describes the concept of reinforcement in operant conditioning?
Adding something pleasant to increase a behavior
ExplanationPositive reinforcement involves adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.
#4
What is the process by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response?
Classical conditioning
ExplanationNeutral stimulus gains response by association with meaningful one in classical conditioning.
#5
Which type of reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior?
Negative reinforcement
ExplanationRemoving an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior is negative reinforcement.
#6
Which term refers to a sudden understanding of a problem that implies the solution?
Insight learning
ExplanationSudden understanding of a problem leading to a solution is insight learning.
#7
In operant conditioning, what is the term for the process of weakening a behavior by removing a desired stimulus?
Punishment
ExplanationWeakening behavior by removing desired stimulus is punishment in operant conditioning.
#8
Who proposed the social learning theory, emphasizing the role of observation and modeling in learning?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationAlbert Bandura emphasized observation and modeling in social learning.
#9
In the context of learning, what is meant by the term 'shaping'?
Teaching a complex behavior by breaking it down into smaller steps and reinforcing each step
ExplanationTeaching complex behavior by breaking it into smaller steps and reinforcing each step.
#10
According to Albert Bandura, what are the four processes involved in observational learning?
Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
ExplanationObservational learning involves attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
#11
Who proposed the concept of 'vicarious reinforcement,' suggesting that individuals can learn from the consequences of others' actions?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationAlbert Bandura proposed 'vicarious reinforcement,' suggesting learning from others' consequences.
#12
According to Albert Bandura, what is necessary for observational learning to occur?
Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
ExplanationFor observational learning, attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation are necessary.