#1
In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
The stimulus that elicits a response without prior learning
ExplanationUCS is a stimulus that naturally triggers a response.
#2
Who introduced the concept of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationOperant conditioning was introduced by B.F. Skinner.
#3
In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, what was the conditioned stimulus (CS) for the dogs?
Bell
ExplanationThe bell was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in Pavlov's experiments.
#4
What is the process of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior?
Shaping
ExplanationShaping involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior.
#5
What is the term for the process of decreasing the strength or frequency of a behavior by following it with a consequence that is unpleasant?
Positive punishment
ExplanationPositive punishment involves adding an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior's likelihood.
#6
What is the process by which a conditioned response decreases or disappears?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction refers to the fading away of a conditioned response.
#7
What type of reinforcement occurs when something unpleasant is removed after a behavior, increasing the likelihood of that behavior?
Negative reinforcement
ExplanationNegative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus to strengthen a behavior.
#8
Which of the following best describes the Law of Effect?
Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, while those followed by negative outcomes are weakened.
ExplanationThe Law of Effect states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by negative outcomes are less likely.
#9
What term describes the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus (CS)?
Generalization
ExplanationGeneralization is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
#10
In classical conditioning, what term refers to the initial stage of learning where a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus?
Acquisition
ExplanationAcquisition is the initial stage of classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
#11
What is the term for learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it?
Latent learning
ExplanationLatent learning is learning that remains hidden until a situation arises where it can be demonstrated.
#12
Which psychologist is associated with the concept of vicarious reinforcement and observational learning?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationAlbert Bandura is associated with vicarious reinforcement and observational learning.
#13
Who proposed the social learning theory, emphasizing the importance of observational learning and modeling?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationAlbert Bandura proposed the social learning theory.
#14
Who proposed the cognitive-social learning theory, which emphasizes the role of cognitive factors in learning and behavior?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationAlbert Bandura proposed the cognitive-social learning theory.
#15
Who proposed the concept of the 'zone of proximal development'?
Lev Vygotsky
ExplanationLev Vygotsky proposed the concept of the 'zone of proximal development'.