#1
Which of the following is an example of an infant's primary social reflex?
Rooting reflex
ExplanationRooting reflex is an instinctive response where infants turn their head and open their mouth when touched on the cheek, seeking to nurse.
#2
At what age do infants typically begin to show signs of social smiling?
4-6 months
ExplanationInfants generally start exhibiting social smiling, a response to external stimuli, between 4 to 6 months of age.
#3
Which of the following is a characteristic of social referencing in infants?
Looking to their caregiver's facial expressions for cues
ExplanationSocial referencing involves infants observing and interpreting their caregiver's facial expressions for guidance in unfamiliar situations.
#4
What term describes the process by which infants actively construct their understanding of the social world?
Social cognition
ExplanationSocial cognition is the active process through which infants construct their understanding of the social world.
#5
Which of the following is a key factor contributing to the development of attachment in infants?
Both biological and environmental factors
ExplanationAttachment development in infants is influenced by a combination of biological and environmental factors.
#6
What is the term for the emotional bond that forms between an infant and their primary caregiver?
Attachment
ExplanationAttachment is the emotional bond that forms between an infant and their primary caregiver, crucial for emotional development.
#7
Which theory suggests that infants develop attachment through the fulfillment of their basic needs by their caregivers?
Attachment theory
ExplanationAttachment theory posits that infants form emotional bonds with caregivers through the consistent fulfillment of basic needs.
#8
What is the term for the emotional distress that infants show when they are separated from their primary caregiver?
Separation anxiety
ExplanationSeparation anxiety refers to the emotional distress infants experience when separated from their primary caregiver.
#9
In Bowlby's attachment theory, what is the name given to the type of attachment where the infant shows distress upon separation from the caregiver but seeks comfort and is easily soothed upon reunion?
Secure attachment
ExplanationSecure attachment in Bowlby's theory involves infants seeking comfort from caregivers and being easily soothed upon reunion after separation.
#10
What is the term for an infant's ability to regulate their emotions and behavior based on the caregiver's responses?
Emotional regulation
ExplanationEmotional regulation refers to an infant's capacity to manage emotions and behavior influenced by their caregiver's responses.
#11
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of secure attachment?
Avoidance of contact with the caregiver
ExplanationAvoidance of contact with the caregiver is not a characteristic of secure attachment; secure attachment involves seeking comfort and closeness.
#12
What is the term for the ability of infants to understand and respond to the emotions of others?
Empathy
ExplanationEmpathy is the capacity of infants to comprehend and react to the emotions of others.
#13
According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the primary crisis during infancy?
Trust vs. Mistrust
ExplanationThe primary psychosocial crisis during infancy, according to Erikson, is the development of trust versus mistrust.
#14
According to Mary Ainsworth's research, what percentage of infants typically exhibit a secure attachment pattern?
50-60%
ExplanationApproximately 50-60% of infants, based on Ainsworth's research, display a secure attachment pattern with their caregivers.
#15
According to the Strange Situation procedure, which attachment style is characterized by ambivalence towards the caregiver, with behaviors such as seeking proximity but also showing resistance?
Insecure-resistant attachment
ExplanationInsecure-resistant attachment in the Strange Situation involves ambivalent behavior, seeking proximity while displaying resistance towards the caregiver.
#16
What term describes the phenomenon where infants express distress when approached or held by unfamiliar individuals?
Stranger anxiety
ExplanationStranger anxiety is the phenomenon where infants show distress when approached or held by unfamiliar individuals, a normal developmental response.
#17
What is the term for the phenomenon where infants explore their environment while periodically returning to their caregiver for emotional support?
Secure base
ExplanationThe phenomenon where infants explore their environment but return to their caregiver for emotional support is termed as the secure base.