#1
According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the primary crisis during infancy?
Trust vs. Mistrust
ExplanationInfants either develop a sense of trust in their caregivers or become mistrustful.
#2
Which stage of Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory occurs during ages 2 to 7 years, characterized by the development of language and egocentric thinking?
Preoperational stage
ExplanationChildren start to use language and engage in symbolic play, but their thinking is egocentric.
#3
Which psychologist is associated with the concept of self-actualization?
Abraham Maslow
ExplanationMaslow proposed that self-actualization is the highest level of psychological development.
#4
Who proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, suggesting that intelligence is not a singular trait but rather encompasses various abilities?
Howard Gardner
ExplanationGardner proposed that there are multiple intelligences, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.
#5
According to Erik Erikson's theory, what is the primary developmental task during adolescence?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
ExplanationAdolescents must develop a coherent sense of self and personal identity.
#6
Who is credited with proposing the 'Hierarchy of Needs' theory, suggesting that human needs are arranged in a hierarchical order?
Abraham Maslow
ExplanationMaslow proposed that human needs form a hierarchy, with basic needs at the bottom and higher needs at the top.
#7
Who developed the theory of psychosexual development, which includes stages such as oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital?
Sigmund Freud
ExplanationFreud proposed that personality develops through stages focusing on different erogenous zones.
#8
Which of the following is NOT one of the 'Big Five' personality traits?
Machiavellianism
ExplanationMachiavellianism is not one of the Big Five personality traits, which include openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
#9
In Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, at what stage do individuals make decisions based on the fear of punishment or the anticipation of reward?
Preconventional level
ExplanationAt the preconventional level, individuals focus on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards.
#10
Who developed the concept of the 'inferiority complex' and founded individual psychology?
Alfred Adler
ExplanationAdler proposed that feelings of inferiority motivate individuals to strive for superiority.
#11
Which stage of Erikson's psychosocial development theory occurs during the age range of 6 to 12 years and focuses on competence and mastery of skills?
Industry vs. Inferiority
ExplanationChildren develop a sense of competence by mastering skills and tasks during the industry versus inferiority stage.
#12
Who proposed the 'Social Learning Theory,' emphasizing the importance of observational learning, imitation, and modeling in the acquisition of behavior?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationBandura's Social Learning Theory highlights the role of observation and modeling in learning and behavior.
#13
According to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, what is reciprocal determinism?
The interaction between an individual's traits and the environment
ExplanationReciprocal determinism refers to the mutual influence of personal factors, behavior, and the environment.
#14
Which theory of personality emphasizes the importance of unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences in shaping personality?
Psychoanalytic theory
ExplanationPsychoanalytic theory, proposed by Freud, suggests that unconscious conflicts and early experiences shape personality.
#15
According to Carl Jung's theory of personality, what comprises the collective unconscious?
The shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
ExplanationThe collective unconscious contains universal symbols and themes shared across cultures and inherited from ancestral experiences.
#16
In the context of personality assessment, what does the term 'MMPI' stand for?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
ExplanationThe MMPI is a psychological assessment tool used to evaluate personality traits and psychopathology.
#17
Which theory of personality emphasizes the importance of the interaction between an individual's characteristics, behavior, and the environment in shaping personality?
Social cognitive theory
ExplanationSocial cognitive theory emphasizes the reciprocal interaction between personal factors, behavior, and the environment in shaping personality.