#1
Which sociological perspective focuses on how individuals make meaning and interpret their social interactions?
Symbolic interactionism
ExplanationSymbolic interactionism emphasizes subjective meanings in social interactions.
#2
What is the term for the phenomenon where individuals exert less effort when working collectively than when working individually?
Social loafing
ExplanationSocial loafing refers to decreased individual effort in group settings.
#3
Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's own unacceptable desires to others?
Projection
ExplanationProjection involves attributing one's own undesirable traits or impulses to others.
#4
What is the term for the tendency of people to perform better when they are being observed?
Social facilitation
ExplanationSocial facilitation refers to improved performance in the presence of others.
#5
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?
Individualism
ExplanationIndividualism is not considered one of the Big Five personality traits.
#6
According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the primary task during the stage of adolescence?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
ExplanationAdolescents must establish a sense of self and personal identity.
#7
Which of the following is NOT a level of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
Sociosystem
ExplanationSociosystem is not a recognized level in Bronfenbrenner's theory.
#8
Which stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development is characterized by adherence to rules to avoid punishment?
Preconventional morality
ExplanationPreconventional morality is focused on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards.
#9
What term describes the tendency for people to attribute their successes to internal factors and their failures to external factors?
Self-serving bias
ExplanationSelf-serving bias involves attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors to protect self-esteem.
#10
Which theorist proposed the concept of 'social learning theory,' emphasizing the role of observation and imitation in learning?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationAlbert Bandura introduced social learning theory, highlighting the importance of observational learning.
#11
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of authoritative parenting style?
Low demandingness
ExplanationAuthoritative parenting is characterized by high demandingness and responsiveness.
#12
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which level includes the need for self-esteem, achievement, and respect from others?
Esteem needs
ExplanationEsteem needs involve desires for self-esteem, achievement, and recognition from others.
#13
What is the term for the process by which a minority group gradually adopts the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture?
Assimilation
ExplanationAssimilation is the process of minority groups adopting the customs and attitudes of the dominant culture.
#14
In sociology, what is the term for the process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a culture?
Socialization
ExplanationSocialization is the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of a society.
#15
Who is credited with the development of the hierarchy of needs, which suggests that human needs are organized in a hierarchical order?
Abraham Maslow
ExplanationAbraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs, proposing that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.