#1
Which of the following is not a factor in making health decisions?
Emotions
Social influences
Weather conditions
Financial constraints
#2
Which of the following is not a stage in the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change?
Precontemplation
Action
Maintenance
Relapse
#3
In the context of health behavior change, what does the term 'cognitive dissonance' refer to?
The discomfort felt when two beliefs or behaviors are inconsistent
The tendency to seek information that confirms pre-existing beliefs
The belief that one can control external factors to prevent a condition
The belief that a behavior will lead to a specific outcome
#4
Which of the following is not a component of informed consent?
Disclosure of information
Understanding of information
Voluntariness of decision
Agreement with healthcare provider's recommendation
#5
What is the primary goal of advance directives in healthcare?
To allow healthcare providers to make decisions for patients.
To ensure that patients receive unnecessary treatment.
To allow patients to express their wishes regarding medical treatment.
To prioritize the treatment of certain patients over others.
#6
What is the term used to describe the process of systematically evaluating information to make decisions about healthcare?
Health assessment
Health evaluation
Health decision analysis
Health appraisal
#7
What is the definition of a health behavior?
A behavior that benefits the health of an individual
Any action taken to maintain, attain, or regain good health and to prevent illness
A behavior that harms the health of an individual
A behavior that is neutral in its impact on health
#8
Which of the following is not a factor influencing health behavior?
Individual factors
Social and physical environments
Income level
Genetics
#9
Which theory emphasizes the role of perceived control in health behavior?
Theory of Planned Behavior
Health Belief Model
Social Cognitive Theory
Transtheoretical Model
#10
What is a critical characteristic of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change?
It emphasizes the use of rewards and punishments
It considers behavior change as a linear process
It integrates multiple theories of behavior change
It assumes individuals are always ready to change
#11
Which of the following is a characteristic of an autonomous decision in healthcare?
It is based solely on the advice of healthcare providers.
It considers the values and preferences of the patient.
It does not involve the patient's input.
It is influenced by financial incentives.
#12
What is the concept of shared decision-making in healthcare?
Healthcare decisions made by healthcare providers without input from patients.
Healthcare decisions made by patients without input from healthcare providers.
Healthcare decisions made collaboratively by patients and healthcare providers.
Healthcare decisions made by insurance companies based on cost-effectiveness.
#13
What is the concept of perceived susceptibility in health behavior models?
The belief about the chances of getting a condition
The perceived seriousness of a condition
The belief that a specific action will reduce a threat
The perceived benefits of a behavior change
#14
According to the Health Belief Model, which factor is not considered in the decision-making process to adopt a health behavior?
Perceived benefits of the behavior
Perceived barriers to performing the behavior
Cues to action that trigger the decision-making process
Psychological reactance against the recommended behavior
#15
What is the concept of self-efficacy in health behavior theories?
The belief in one's ability to perform a specific behavior
The belief that a behavior will lead to a specific outcome
The belief about the chances of getting a condition
The belief that one can control external factors to prevent a condition
#16
Which of the following is a potential consequence of poor health decision-making?
Improved overall health outcomes
Increased healthcare costs
Decreased risk of chronic diseases
Better adherence to treatment plans
#17
What is the term used to describe the process of comparing the costs and benefits of a healthcare intervention?
Health assessment
Health economics
Health evaluation
Health decision analysis
#18
Which of the following is a potential consequence of medical decision-making based on intuition rather than evidence?
Improved patient outcomes
Reduced risk of adverse events
Increased healthcare costs
Faster recovery times