#1
Which stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory occurs during infancy?
Trust vs. Mistrust
ExplanationFirst stage, where infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust based on caregiver reliability.
#2
In Freud's psychosexual stages of development, which stage occurs during the ages of 3 to 6 years?
Phallic stage
ExplanationStage where children become aware of gender differences and develop the Oedipus or Electra complexes.
#3
Which developmental psychologist proposed the theory of moral development consisting of three levels and six stages?
Lawrence Kohlberg
ExplanationKohlberg's theory focuses on moral reasoning and ethical decision-making.
#4
What is the term for the concept in which children actively construct knowledge and understanding through their experiences?
Constructivism
ExplanationConstructivism highlights active engagement in learning through hands-on experiences and reflection.
#5
Which of the following is a characteristic of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Object permanence
ExplanationSensorimotor stage involves understanding the world through sensory experiences and developing object permanence.
#6
Which of the following is NOT a milestone in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Abstract operational stage
ExplanationNot a Piaget stage; the correct stages are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
#7
According to Vygotsky, what is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
The gap between a learner's current ability and their potential development
ExplanationRange where learning is possible with assistance, but too difficult without.
#8
Which theorist is known for his/her ecological systems theory of development?
Urie Bronfenbrenner
ExplanationBronfenbrenner's theory explores how the environment impacts development through various systems.
#9
What is the term for a period of temporary disruption in development due to negative experiences, such as stress or trauma?
Sensitive period
ExplanationTimeframe when development is particularly susceptible to external influences.
#10
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
Transcendental stage
ExplanationThere is no 'Transcendental stage' in Kohlberg's model; the stages include preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.
#11
Which theorist proposed the socioemotional selectivity theory?
Laura Carstensen
ExplanationCarstensen's theory highlights the role of emotion regulation in social preferences as individuals age.
#12
What is the term for the process of modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information?
Accommodation
ExplanationAdapting cognitive structures to integrate new knowledge or experiences.
#13
Who proposed the theory of psychosocial development, emphasizing the importance of social relationships throughout the lifespan?
Erik Erikson
ExplanationErikson's stages address psychosocial conflicts and their impact on personality development.
#14
Who proposed the theory of socioemotional development, focusing on the importance of relationships, emotions, and personality development?
John Bowlby
ExplanationBowlby emphasized the role of early attachments in shaping socioemotional development.