#1
Which of the following is NOT a stage in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
Independence vs. Attachment
ExplanationContrary to the options provided, this stage is not part of Erikson's theory; it's Independence vs. Intimacy.
#2
Who proposed the stages of moral development?
Lawrence Kohlberg
ExplanationKohlberg is renowned for his theory outlining the stages of moral development.
#3
What is the term for the gradual, orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated?
Maturation
ExplanationMaturation signifies the natural progression of mental processes towards increased complexity.
#4
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of grief proposed by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross?
Negotiation
ExplanationNegotiation is not recognized as one of Kübler-Ross's stages of grief.
#5
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages in Freud's psychosexual development theory?
Ego integrity vs. despair stage
ExplanationThis stage does not feature in Freud's psychosexual development theory; it belongs to Erikson's psychosocial stages.
#6
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, Formal operational
ExplanationThis sequence accurately depicts Piaget's stages of cognitive development from infancy through adulthood.
#7
According to Vygotsky, what is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
The difference between what a child can do alone versus what they can do with help
ExplanationThe ZPD delineates the gap between a child's independent abilities and their potential with assistance, as per Vygotsky.
#8
Who is known for his theory of psychosocial development which includes the eight stages from infancy to old age?
Erik Erikson
ExplanationErikson's theory encompasses the various stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan.
#9
According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which level of the environment includes factors like family, peers, and school?
Microsystem
ExplanationThe microsystem encompasses immediate environments where an individual directly interacts, such as family and peers, as per Bronfenbrenner.
#10
What does the term 'nature vs. nurture' refer to in the context of development?
The debate about whether development is primarily influenced by genetics or environment
ExplanationIt denotes the ongoing discourse regarding the relative impacts of genetics versus environment on development.
#11
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Freud's psychosexual theory?
Underestimation of the role of unconscious processes
ExplanationThis criticism does not align with common critiques of Freud's psychosexual theory.
#12
Who proposed the theory of attachment which emphasizes the importance of a caregiver's sensitivity to a child's signals in the development of attachment?
Mary Ainsworth
ExplanationAinsworth's theory of attachment underscores the caregiver's responsiveness in attachment formation.
#13
According to Erikson, what is the psychosocial crisis associated with adolescence?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
ExplanationErikson posits that adolescents grapple with the conflict between forming a stable identity and experiencing role confusion.
#14
Who proposed the socioemotional selectivity theory suggesting that as people age, they become more selective about their social networks and spend more time with familiar individuals?
Laura Carstensen
ExplanationCarstensen is credited with the socioemotional selectivity theory, highlighting age-related changes in social preferences towards familiar connections.
#15
Which of the following is NOT a dimension of temperament according to Thomas and Chess' classification?
Morality
ExplanationMorality isn't classified as a dimension in Thomas and Chess' temperament model.