#1
Who is considered the father of behaviorism?
John B. Watson
ExplanationJohn B. Watson is credited as the father of behaviorism for his emphasis on observable behavior and rejection of introspection.
#2
Which of the following is NOT a key concept in behaviorism?
Cognitive restructuring
ExplanationCognitive restructuring is not a key concept in behaviorism, which focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal cognitive processes.
#3
In behaviorism, what is the process of learning by which a subject comes to respond in a specific way to a previously neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned stimulus to evoke a response?
Classical conditioning
ExplanationClassical conditioning, introduced by Ivan Pavlov, involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
#4
Who proposed the theory of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationB.F. Skinner is known for his theory of operant conditioning, which focuses on how behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences.
#5
According to behaviorism, what is the role of the environment in shaping behavior?
The environment plays a significant role in shaping behavior
ExplanationBehaviorism emphasizes that behavior is learned through interactions with the environment, highlighting the environmental influences on behavior.
#6
Which of the following is a key concept in operant conditioning?
Punishment
ExplanationPunishment, along with reinforcement, is a key concept in operant conditioning, involving the presentation of an aversive stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
#7
Which behaviorist is known for the concept of 'shaping' behavior through successive approximations?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationB.F. Skinner introduced the concept of shaping, a method of training behavior by reinforcing successive approximations toward a desired behavior.
#8
What is the primary focus of behavior modification?
Changing observable behavior
ExplanationBehavior modification primarily aims to change observable behavior by applying principles of learning, reinforcement, and punishment.
#9
Which theorist introduced the concept of 'observational learning'?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationAlbert Bandura introduced the concept of observational learning, where individuals learn by observing others' behaviors and their consequences.
#10
Who is known for the 'Little Albert' experiment, demonstrating classical conditioning in humans?
John B. Watson
ExplanationJohn B. Watson conducted the 'Little Albert' experiment, demonstrating classical conditioning by inducing fear in a young child through pairing a neutral stimulus (a white rat) with a loud noise.
#11
In operant conditioning, what is negative reinforcement?
Removing something unpleasant to increase a behavior
ExplanationNegative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus to strengthen a behavior, increasing the likelihood of its recurrence.
#12
Which of the following is a criticism of behaviorism?
It overlooks the role of cognition in learning
ExplanationOne criticism of behaviorism is its neglect of internal cognitive processes, focusing solely on observable behaviors and external stimuli.
#13
Who introduced the concept of 'cognitive maps' in the context of learning?
Edward Tolman
ExplanationEdward Tolman introduced the concept of cognitive maps, mental representations of spatial relationships, and environmental layouts used for navigation and problem-solving.
#14
According to behaviorism, which of the following is a primary source of behavior?
Environmental stimuli
ExplanationBehaviorism asserts that behavior is primarily influenced by external environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies.