#1
What is an epidemiological measure used for?
To study the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems
ExplanationEpidemiological measures study health distributions and determinants to control health issues.
#2
Which of the following is NOT an example of an epidemiological measure?
Diagnostic rate
ExplanationDiagnostic rate is not a typical epidemiological measure.
#3
Which of the following measures represents the proportion of individuals in a population who have a certain disease at a specific point in time?
Prevalence rate
ExplanationPrevalence rate measures disease presence in a population at a specific time.
#4
What does the term 'crude rate' refer to in epidemiology?
A rate that has not been adjusted for any confounding factors
ExplanationCrude rate is unadjusted for confounding factors.
#5
Which of the following is an example of a direct method of age standardization?
Direct age-adjusted rate
ExplanationDirect age-adjusted rate is a form of direct age standardization.
#6
What is the difference between cumulative incidence and incidence rate?
Cumulative incidence measures the proportion of individuals who develop a disease over a specified period, while incidence rate measures the number of new cases of a disease occurring in a population at risk during a specified period
ExplanationCumulative incidence measures disease development proportion over time, whereas incidence rate counts new cases in a population at risk over time.
#7
What is a standardized mortality ratio (SMR)?
A measure used to compare the number of deaths observed with the number that would be expected in a standard population
ExplanationSMR compares observed deaths with expected deaths in a standard population.
#8
In epidemiology, what does 'standardization' refer to?
The process of adjusting for differences in age distributions between populations being compared
ExplanationStandardization adjusts for age distribution differences between compared populations.
#9
Which of the following is an advantage of using age-standardized rates in epidemiology?
They allow for direct comparison of rates between populations with different age distributions
ExplanationAge-standardized rates enable comparison between populations with different age distributions.
#10
What is the formula for calculating the incidence rate?
Number of new cases / Total population at risk
ExplanationIncidence rate formula: New cases divided by total population at risk.
#11
What is the denominator for calculating a proportion?
The total number of individuals in the population
ExplanationThe population's total count serves as the denominator for calculating proportions.
#12
What is a confounding variable in epidemiological studies?
A variable that is not related to the outcome of interest but is associated with both the exposure and outcome
ExplanationA confounding variable is unrelated to the outcome but linked to both exposure and outcome.
#13
Which of the following is a limitation of standardized mortality ratios (SMRs)?
They are affected by biases in data collection
ExplanationSMRs can be influenced by biases in data collection.
#14
What does the term 'case-fatality rate' refer to in epidemiology?
The proportion of deaths among confirmed cases of a particular disease
ExplanationCase-fatality rate is the proportion of deaths among confirmed disease cases.
#15
What is the purpose of age standardization in epidemiology?
To adjust for differences in age distributions between populations being compared
ExplanationAge standardization compensates for age distribution differences among compared populations.
#16
What is a risk difference in epidemiology?
The difference in risk of an outcome between the exposed and unexposed groups
ExplanationRisk difference is the disparity in outcome risk between exposed and unexposed groups.
#17
What is the purpose of a meta-analysis in epidemiology?
To combine results from multiple studies to produce a single estimate of the effect size
ExplanationMeta-analysis aggregates multiple study results to derive a unified effect size estimate.