#1
Which economic concept refers to the total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given period?
Gross National Product (GNP)
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Net National Product (NNP)
Net Domestic Product (NDP)
#2
What is the primary goal of sustainable development?
Maximizing economic growth
Minimizing social inequality
Preserving environmental resources for future generations
Achieving political stability
#3
Which of the following is an example of an environmental externality?
A company investing in clean energy technologies
A factory emitting pollutants into the air
A government imposing a carbon tax
An individual recycling plastic bottles
#4
Which of the following is an example of a common property resource?
A privately owned farm
A public park
The atmosphere
A patented invention
#5
What is the concept of 'market failure' in environmental economics?
When markets are regulated by government interventions
When markets allocate resources efficiently
When markets do not allocate resources efficiently due to externalities or other reasons
When markets operate perfectly without any government interference
#6
What does the 'externality' refer to in environmental economics?
The internal costs of production
The benefits gained from consumption
The unintended consequences of economic activity affecting third parties
The regulation of pollution
#7
Which of the following is NOT a market-based instrument for environmental policy?
Environmental taxes
Cap and trade systems
Subsidies for renewable energy
Command and control regulation
#8
Which of the following is an example of a non-market valuation method used in environmental economics?
Consumer surplus
Gross National Product (GNP)
Travel cost method
Elasticity of demand
#9
In the context of environmental policy, what does 'polluter pays principle' suggest?
Polluters should bear the costs of their pollution
Polluters should be exempt from environmental regulations
Governments should subsidize polluting industries
Environmental regulations should be abolished
#10
What is the primary goal of a carbon tax?
To reduce the consumption of carbonated beverages
To decrease carbon dioxide emissions
To promote the use of carbon-based fuels
To encourage carbon sequestration
#11
What is 'discounting' in the context of environmental economics?
Providing discounts on environmentally friendly products
Reducing the value of future costs and benefits to present value
Calculating the market value of natural resources
Adjusting for inflation in economic models
#12
Which economic theory argues that as an economy grows, environmental degradation initially worsens but then begins to improve?
Malthusian theory
Environmental Kuznets Curve
Tragedy of the Commons
Neo-classical economics
#13
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a public good?
Non-excludability
Rivalry in consumption
Non-rivalry in consumption
Free rider problem
#14
What is the 'tragedy of the commons'?
A situation where individuals overuse a shared resource, leading to its depletion
A theory suggesting that private property leads to inefficiency in resource allocation
The concept that market forces will naturally lead to sustainable resource management
A principle advocating for government intervention in all economic activities
#15
What is the 'tragedy of the anticommons'?
A situation where individuals overuse a shared resource, leading to its depletion
A concept suggesting that too many property rights can lead to underutilization of resources
The concept that government intervention always leads to inefficient resource allocation
A principle advocating for the privatization of all natural resources