#1
At what age do infants typically begin to smile in response to social stimuli?
3 months
ExplanationAround 3 months, infants start smiling in response to social cues, indicating social awareness.
#2
Which of the following is NOT a primary reflex in newborns?
Walking reflex
ExplanationWalking reflex is not a primary reflex in newborns; it's the Moro, sucking, and rooting reflexes.
#3
What is the term for the emotional bond that forms between an infant and their primary caregiver?
Attachment
ExplanationAttachment is the emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver.
#4
What is the term for the ability of infants to regulate their own emotional states?
Emotional regulation
ExplanationEmotional regulation is the capacity of infants to manage and control their emotional states.
#5
What is the term for the tendency of infants to prefer human faces over other visual stimuli?
Face recognition
ExplanationFace recognition is the inclination of infants to prefer human faces over other visual stimuli.
#6
What is the term for the process by which infants learn to recognize and respond to their own emotions and those of others?
Social referencing
ExplanationSocial referencing is the process where infants learn to understand and react to emotions through social cues.
#7
Which theorist is associated with the concept of the 'strange situation' as a method to assess attachment styles?
Mary Ainsworth
ExplanationMary Ainsworth developed the 'strange situation' method to study attachment theory.
#8
What is the term for the ability of infants to imitate facial expressions and gestures of others?
Mimicry
ExplanationMimicry refers to infants' capacity to replicate facial expressions and gestures of others.
#9
Which area of the brain is particularly crucial for emotional regulation and social behavior?
Amygdala
ExplanationThe amygdala plays a crucial role in emotional regulation and social behavior.
#10
Which milestone typically occurs around 8 to 12 months of age, marking the ability to understand object permanence?
Search and retrieve
ExplanationSearch and retrieve is the milestone where infants understand object permanence, typically around 8-12 months.
#11
According to Erik Erikson, what is the primary developmental task during the first year of life?
Trust vs. Mistrust
ExplanationErikson proposed that trust vs. mistrust is the primary developmental task during infancy.
#12
According to the social interactionist perspective, language development is influenced by interactions with caregivers and exposure to:
Books and stories
ExplanationBooks and stories, along with interactions, influence language development according to the social interactionist perspective.
#13
Which of the following is a characteristic of a securely attached infant in the Strange Situation experiment?
Displays distress upon separation but easily comforted upon reunion
ExplanationSecurely attached infants display distress when separated but are easily comforted upon reunion with the caregiver.
#14
According to attachment theory, what is the term for infants who are unresponsive to their caregiver's presence and may show little distress when the caregiver leaves?
Avoidantly attached
ExplanationAvoidantly attached infants show little response to the caregiver's presence and minimal distress upon separation.
#15
According to attachment theory, what is the term for infants who display inconsistent reactions to their caregiver's presence, sometimes seeking comfort and other times resisting it?
Ambivalently attached
ExplanationAmbivalently attached infants show inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's presence, alternating between seeking comfort and resisting it.