#1
Which of the following is a key concept in developmental psychology?
Nature vs. Nurture
ExplanationDebate regarding the relative influence of genetics (nature) versus environment (nurture) on human behavior and development.
#2
What is the term for the emotional bond that forms between an infant and their primary caregiver?
Attachment
ExplanationStrong emotional connection between an infant and their caregiver, crucial for social and emotional development.
#3
What is the term for the psychological process through which children learn social norms, values, and expectations?
Socialization
ExplanationProcess by which individuals internalize societal norms and values, learning how to behave appropriately within their culture.
#4
Which of the following is NOT a stage in Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
Isolation vs. Belongingness
ExplanationContrary to Erikson's stages; he proposed stages such as trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, etc.
#5
What is the term for the process by which individuals acquire the beliefs, values, and behaviors of a culture?
Enculturation
ExplanationSocialization process where individuals learn and adopt the cultural norms and practices of their society.
#6
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
Counterconventional
ExplanationTerm not found in Kohlberg's model, which includes pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional stages.
#7
At what age do children typically begin to understand the concept of 'object permanence'?
6 months
ExplanationAwareness that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight, typically emerging around 6 months of age.
#8
According to Jean Piaget's theory, what is the stage where children develop the ability to think logically about concrete events?
Concrete operational stage
ExplanationStage of cognitive development where children can perform mental operations on concrete objects and events, typically between ages 7 and 11.
#9
According to Lev Vygotsky, what is the term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what they can do with assistance?
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
ExplanationRange of tasks that a child can perform with the help of a more skilled individual, critical for learning and development.
#10
Who proposed the theory of moral development, which includes stages such as pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional morality?
Lawrence Kohlberg
ExplanationPsychologist who outlined stages of moral reasoning, emphasizing the development of ethical principles and values.
#11
According to attachment theory, what is the term for the behavior in which an infant seeks closeness to their caregiver and shows distress upon separation?
Secure attachment
ExplanationSecure emotional bond between an infant and caregiver, providing a sense of safety and security.
#12
Who is known for the theory of cognitive development that includes stages such as sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational?
Jean Piaget
ExplanationSwiss psychologist who proposed a theory of cognitive development, emphasizing distinct stages of intellectual growth from infancy to adulthood.
#13
Which theory of mind milestone involves understanding that others may hold false beliefs?
False belief understanding
ExplanationAbility to recognize that others may have beliefs different from one's own, even if those beliefs are incorrect.
#14
Which term refers to the tendency for people to overestimate the role of personality and underestimate the influence of situations in shaping behavior?
Fundamental attribution error
ExplanationCognitive bias where individuals attribute others' behavior to internal traits rather than external circumstances.
#15
What term describes the process by which individuals interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about the social world?
Social cognition
ExplanationMental processes involved in understanding and navigating social situations, including perception, memory, and judgment.
#16
What is the term for the tendency to attribute one's successes to internal factors and failures to external factors?
Self-serving bias
ExplanationCognitive bias where individuals attribute positive outcomes to their own abilities and efforts while blaming external factors for negative outcomes.
#17
Which term refers to the phenomenon where individuals exert less effort in a group setting compared to when working individually?
Social loafing
ExplanationTendency for individuals to reduce effort when working collectively on a task, often due to diffusion of responsibility.