#1
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, during which stage do children develop object permanence?
Sensorimotor stage
ExplanationChildren in this stage develop the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed.
#2
Which theorist proposed the psychosocial stages of development, including trust vs. mistrust and identity vs. role confusion?
Erik Erikson
ExplanationErikson introduced the concept of psychosocial stages, emphasizing the importance of resolving conflicts at different life stages.
#3
According to Freud's psychosexual theory, during which stage does the Oedipus or Electra complex typically occur?
Phallic stage
ExplanationThe phallic stage is when children experience the Oedipus or Electra complex, involving unconscious desires for the opposite-sex parent.
#4
What is the term for the emotional bond that forms between an infant and their primary caregiver?
Attachment
ExplanationAttachment refers to the deep and enduring emotional connection between an infant and their caregiver.
#5
Who proposed the theory of attachment, suggesting that infants form a strong emotional bond with a caregiver who provides care and attention?
John Bowlby
ExplanationBowlby introduced the theory of attachment, emphasizing its significance in infant development.
#6
Who developed the stages of psychosocial development theory, which includes the stage of generativity vs. stagnation?
Erik Erikson
ExplanationErikson's theory includes the stage of generativity vs. stagnation, focusing on productivity and contribution in adulthood.
#7
According to Piaget's theory, which stage is characterized by the ability to think abstractly, reason logically, and solve hypothetical problems?
Formal operational stage
ExplanationIn this stage, individuals develop the capacity for abstract thinking, logical reasoning, and hypothetical problem-solving.
#8
What is the main idea behind Albert Bandura's social learning theory?
Children learn by observing others and imitating their behavior
ExplanationBandura's theory emphasizes the role of observational learning and modeling in shaping behavior.
#9
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
Existential morality
ExplanationExistential morality is not a stage in Kohlberg's theory, which focuses on moral reasoning and development.
#10
Who proposed the ecological systems theory, which emphasizes the influence of multiple environmental systems on individual development?
Urie Bronfenbrenner
ExplanationBronfenbrenner's theory underscores the impact of various environmental contexts on human development.
#11
What is the primary focus of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
The resolution of conflicts at different stages of life
ExplanationErikson's theory revolves around resolving psychosocial conflicts across lifespan stages to achieve healthy development.
#12
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages in Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
Industry vs. inferiority
ExplanationIndustry vs. inferiority is a stage proposed by Erikson, focusing on the development of competence and self-esteem in childhood.
#13
According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the primary task during the stage of intimacy vs. isolation?
Establishing intimate relationships
ExplanationThis stage involves forming close, meaningful relationships while maintaining a sense of self.
#14
What concept refers to the ability to understand and share the feelings of others?
Empathy
ExplanationEmpathy is the capacity to comprehend and resonate with the emotions of others, essential for social interactions.
#15
According to Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, what is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
The difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with assistance
ExplanationZPD highlights the range of tasks a learner can perform independently versus with guidance, crucial for scaffolding learning.
#16
In Kohlberg's stages of moral development, at which stage does a person act according to their own personal principles of right and wrong, even if they conflict with societal norms?
Postconventional morality
ExplanationPostconventional morality is characterized by self-defined ethical principles transcending societal norms.