#1
Which of the following is an example of a developmental force?
Socioeconomic status
ExplanationSocioeconomic status influences development.
#2
What is the primary focus of developmental psychology?
Understanding how people change over time
ExplanationDevelopmental psychology focuses on studying changes over time.
#3
Which of the following is NOT considered an environmental influence on development?
Genetic predispositions
ExplanationGenetic predispositions are not environmental influences on development.
#4
According to Erik Erikson's theory, what is the primary developmental task during the stage of adolescence?
Identity versus role confusion
ExplanationIdentity versus role confusion is the primary developmental task in adolescence according to Erikson.
#5
What term refers to the process of eliminating unnecessary or unused synaptic connections in the brain?
Synaptic pruning
ExplanationSynaptic pruning is the process of eliminating unnecessary synaptic connections.
#6
Which of the following is NOT a prenatal influence on development?
Parenting style
ExplanationParenting style is not a prenatal influence.
#7
What term describes the gradual shaping of behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of a target behavior?
Operant conditioning
ExplanationOperant conditioning shapes behavior through reinforcement.
#8
Which of the following is NOT one of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems?
Psychosystem
ExplanationPsychosystem is not one of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems.
#9
What is the term for the scientific study of aging and the elderly?
Gerontology
ExplanationGerontology is the study of aging and the elderly.
#10
In Vygotsky's theory of sociocultural development, what is the term for the difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance from a more skilled individual?
Zone of proximal development
ExplanationZone of proximal development is the difference between what a learner can do alone and with guidance.
#11
According to Erik Erikson's theory, what is the developmental crisis that occurs during adolescence?
Identity vs. role confusion
ExplanationAdolescence involves the crisis of identity versus role confusion in Erikson's theory.
#12
Which of the following is NOT a stage in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
Transconventional morality
ExplanationTransconventional morality is not a stage in Kohlberg's theory.
#13
According to attachment theory, what is the term for the type of attachment characterized by indifference to the caregiver upon their return after a period of absence?
Avoidant attachment
ExplanationAvoidant attachment is characterized by indifference to the caregiver.
#14
According to the ecological systems theory, which level includes settings in which the individual does not have an active role but still influences their development?
Exosystem
ExplanationExosystem includes settings that influence development indirectly.
#15
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages proposed by Lev Vygotsky in his sociocultural theory of development?
Concrete operational stage
ExplanationConcrete operational stage is not one of Vygotsky's stages.