#1
What is the term for the ability to attend to relevant information while ignoring irrelevant stimuli?
Selective attention
ExplanationFocusing on specific stimuli while filtering out others.
#2
In the process of encoding, information is converted from ________.
Sensory memory to short-term memory
ExplanationInitial processing of sensory information into a form that can be stored in short-term memory.
#3
What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?
Visual processing
ExplanationResponsible for processing visual information.
#4
What is the term for the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information to give it meaning?
Perception
ExplanationThe process of making sense of sensory information to understand the environment.
#5
What is the term for the phenomenon where people tend to remember the first items in a list more effectively than those in the middle?
Primacy effect
ExplanationTendency to recall earlier presented information more easily than later information.
#6
What is the term for the mental shortcuts or 'rules of thumb' that people use to make judgments and decisions?
Heuristics
ExplanationSimple, efficient strategies used to make decisions and solve problems.
#7
Which of the following is an example of bottom-up processing?
Identifying a letter based on its features
ExplanationProcessing sensory information starting from basic elements and building up to a complete perception.
#8
Which Gestalt principle suggests that we tend to perceive incomplete figures as complete?
Closure
ExplanationThe tendency to fill in gaps in visual information to perceive complete objects or patterns.
#9
Which concept refers to the tendency to perceive objects as maintaining their shape, size, and color despite changes in sensory input?
Visual constancy
ExplanationPerceiving objects as stable despite changes in sensory input.
#10
According to the levels of processing model, which type of processing leads to the deepest level of memory encoding?
Semantic processing
ExplanationEncoding information based on its meaning, leading to better retention.
#11
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the regulation of mood, sleep, and appetite?
Serotonin
ExplanationRegulation of mood, sleep, and appetite, among other functions.
#12
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the process of gradually weakening a conditioned response?
Extinction
ExplanationDiminishing of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
#13
Which brain structure plays a key role in the consolidation of new memories?
Hippocampus
ExplanationResponsible for converting short-term memories into long-term memories.
#14
Which of the following best describes the cocktail party effect?
The phenomenon of hearing your name in a crowded room
ExplanationThe ability to focus attention on a single conversation amid a noisy environment.
#15
Which psychological concept involves the tendency to attribute other people's behavior to internal factors, such as personality traits?
Fundamental attribution error
ExplanationTendency to overemphasize internal characteristics when explaining others' behavior.
#16
Which brain structure is responsible for regulating autonomic functions such as heart rate and respiration?
Medulla oblongata
ExplanationControls basic autonomic functions vital for survival.
#17
Which stage of sleep is characterized by rapid eye movement (REM) and heightened brain activity?
Stage 1
ExplanationThe initial stage of sleep, characterized by drowsiness and drifting in and out of sleep.
#18
What term describes the tendency to perceive meaningful patterns or connections in random or meaningless data?
Apophenia
ExplanationThe tendency to perceive connections or patterns in unrelated or random data.