#1
What is cognitive dissonance?
The discomfort of holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes
ExplanationCognitive dissonance is the discomfort experienced when individuals hold contradictory beliefs or attitudes.
#2
Which psychological concept refers to the discomfort felt when faced with information that challenges one's existing beliefs?
Cognitive dissonance
ExplanationCognitive dissonance is the psychological discomfort experienced when individuals encounter information that conflicts with their existing beliefs or attitudes.
#3
Who developed the theory of cognitive dissonance?
Leon Festinger
ExplanationCognitive dissonance theory was developed by Leon Festinger in 1957.
#4
Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance reduction?
Changing one's behavior to align with beliefs
ExplanationCognitive dissonance reduction involves adjusting behavior to align with one's beliefs or attitudes to reduce the discomfort of inconsistency.
#5
What is the 'selective exposure' phenomenon in cognitive dissonance?
Choosing to expose oneself only to information that supports existing beliefs
ExplanationSelective exposure is the tendency to seek out information that supports one's existing beliefs while avoiding contradictory information.
#6
What is the 'foot-in-the-door' technique, often related to cognitive dissonance?
A persuasion strategy where a small request is made, followed by a larger request
ExplanationThe 'foot-in-the-door' technique involves starting with a small request to increase the likelihood of compliance with a larger request later on, often exploiting cognitive dissonance.
#7
In the context of cognitive dissonance, what is 'counter-attitudinal advocacy'?
Advocating for beliefs that conflict with one's current attitudes
ExplanationCounter-attitudinal advocacy involves expressing or defending beliefs or opinions that contradict one's own existing attitudes or beliefs, often leading to cognitive dissonance.
#8
According to Festinger's theory, what is the primary motivation for reducing cognitive dissonance?
To achieve internal consistency
ExplanationThe primary motivation for reducing cognitive dissonance, according to Festinger's theory, is to restore internal consistency or harmony among one's beliefs, attitudes, and actions.
#9
What term is used to describe the tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and failures to external factors?
Self-serving bias
ExplanationSelf-serving bias is the tendency to attribute successes to internal factors like skill or effort, while attributing failures to external factors such as luck or circumstance.
#10
In the context of cognitive dissonance, what is the 'justification of effort' phenomenon?
Reducing dissonance by justifying the effort invested in a decision
ExplanationThe 'justification of effort' phenomenon refers to reducing cognitive dissonance by convincing oneself that the effort put into a decision was worthwhile.
#11
Which theorist is associated with the concept of 'self-perception theory'?
Daryl Bem
ExplanationSelf-perception theory, which suggests that individuals infer their attitudes from their behaviors, was proposed by Daryl Bem in 1967.
#12
What role does cognitive dissonance play in the 'post-decisional dissonance' phenomenon?
It occurs after making a decision and involves justifying the chosen option
ExplanationPost-decisional dissonance occurs after making a decision and involves rationalizing or justifying the chosen option to reduce cognitive dissonance.
#13
What does the 'induced compliance' paradigm demonstrate in the context of cognitive dissonance?
The impact of external rewards on behavior change
ExplanationThe induced compliance paradigm illustrates how external rewards or incentives can lead to changes in behavior, even if they contradict an individual's beliefs or attitudes, thus highlighting cognitive dissonance.
#14
What is the 'minimal justification hypothesis' in the context of cognitive dissonance?
The idea that minimal justification leads to greater attitude change
ExplanationThe minimal justification hypothesis suggests that offering minimal justification for behavior change leads to greater shifts in attitudes, as individuals strive to reduce cognitive dissonance.